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句 子 (简单句)简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成,一般分为以下4种:陈述句陈述句的否定形式:1) 谓语动词如果是be(am, is, are, was, were)、情态动词时,在它们的后面加”not”2) 谓语动词如没有上述词语而是其它动词时,须在它的前面加do not(dont); does not(doesnt); did not(didnt)3) 如果have/has+过去分词的现在完成时结构,have/has是助动词,否定形式是havent/hasnt特别注意:句子中含有little, few, hardly, never, neither, nor, seldom等词时,视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.疑问句一、一般疑问句:用yes或no来回答的疑问句陈述句变一般疑问句:1) 谓语动词如果是be(am, is, are, was, were)、情态动词时,直接把be动词或情态动词提到句首2) 谓语动词如没有上述词而是其它动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do/does/did,原来动词改为原形二、特殊疑问句:要求具体回答的问句(结构:疑问词+一般疑问句+?)常用疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what常用疑问副词:when, where, why, how三、反义疑问句:含义:表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用yes或no来回答由两部分构成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句(be, have,助动词或情态动词+主语)注意:1)陈述句是肯定句,反义疑问句必须用否定结构;陈述句是否定句,反义疑问句必须用肯定结构2)反义疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致三、反义疑问句的回答无论哪种形式的反义疑问句,回答时都要遵循:“Yes+肯定形式”或者“No+否定形式”例句:1)-The man went away, didnt he? 那个人走了,不是吗? -Yes, he did.是的他走了。/ No, he didnt不,他没走。2)-He isnt old, is he? 他不老,是吗? -Yes, he is. 不,他很老/ No, he isnt. 是的,他不老。感叹句含义:用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。结构:1) 对含有形容词或副词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是“what + (a/an) +形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)用来强调句子中的名词。如:What a beautiful girl (she is)!2) 对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是“How +形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)!”,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词。如:How beautiful the girl is!祈使句含义:用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。肯定形式:动词(原形)+其他。如:Please open the door.请开门。 否定形式:Dont+动词原形+其他。如:Dont look back.不要回头看特别注意:以“Lets” 引出的祈使句的否定结构,”not”应该放在”lets”的后面。如:Lets not trouble him.主谓一致含义:谓语受主语的支配,必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。一般遵循以下几条原则:一、 语法一致原则:1) 以单数名词或代词,动词不定是作主语时,谓语动词要用单数;主语为复数时,谓语用复数。如:To work hard is necessary for a student.2) 由and或bothand连接的并列成分作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如:Both he and I are right.注:并列主语如是同一人、物或概念时,谓语动词用单数,如:His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.2.and连结的两个或多个主语前如果有each, every, no等修饰语时(后面的一个有时也可省略),后面的谓语动词用单数形式。如:Every man and every woman is busy at working. 3) 由some, any every, no构成的复合词(somebody,nobody,everything,anything等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例句:Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.有人在学校门口等你。4)成双成对出现的复数名词(glasses, scissors, shoes, trousers, pants, gloves, stockings等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,如:Where is my shoes?;但如果前面有a /the pair of;a /the suit of等词语时,则谓语动词要用单数,如:My new pair of socks is on the bed.5) 以“-s”结尾的“复数”名词(例如;一些学科名词mathematics, physics, politics等),或以“-s”结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面的谓语动词通常用单数。如:Mathematics is my favorite subject. 6)the+形容词表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式,表示抽象概念时,用单数形式。例如: The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad. 穷人很快乐,富人却过得不快乐。 7)“the+姓氏复数形式”表示一家人时,谓语一般用复数。如:The Smiths are having dinner.8) a number of+复数名词表示“很多,大量“,谓语动词用复数; the number of +复数名词表示“的数目“时,谓语动词用单数。 如:A number of famous people were invited to party. 许多名人都被邀请参加这个聚会The number of the students is over eight hundred. 我们学校的学生数超过800人。 二、 意义一致原则:1)单、复数同型的词(people,means,sheep,deer,fish等),其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。例句:All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。2)多数情况下,由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时,其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。例句:What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说:“多保重!”3)英语的集体名词(committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union等词),指代“整体”时为单数;指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。例句:My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候,我家很穷。My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来。4)从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。例句:When to leave has not been decided.什么时候离开还没有定下来。Go shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.周日购物是他的一个习惯。Note:如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句,谓语动词常用复数。例句:What he said and what he did were always different.他所说的和他所做的总是不一样。5)专用名词,如:书名、剧名、报刊名、国家(组织)名等,通常作单数用。例句:The United States was found it 1776.美国成立于1776年。6)表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时,通常被视作整体,谓语动词用单数。例句:10 minutes is enough.十分钟足够了。7)加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。例句:2 and 3 is 5. 二加三于五。8)“分数或百分数+of+名词“构成的词组作主语是,其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定。名词是复数,谓语动词用复数;名词是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:It is said that 35 percent of the doctors are women. Three quarters of the surface of the earth is sea.三、 就近原则:1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are two apples and one egg in it.2)当or, either or , neither nor, not only but also等连接的并列主语时,谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。如:Either you or I am right.要么是你对,要么是我对。3)如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。Here is a pen and some books for you.四、 主语一致原则:当主语后面跟有with, along with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。如:He as well as I wants to go shopping.倒装句一、so+助动词/be动词+主语 意为:与前者情况一样如:He likes playing football. So do I.二、so+主语+助动词/be动词 意为:的确如此如:He likes playing football. So he does.句 子 (复合句)宾语从句一、宾语从句的定义置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句二、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即:连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分三、宾语从句中引导词的用法(一)that引导的宾语从句(在非正式场合that可以省略)可跟that从句做宾语的动词有:say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request
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