Survey of Great Britainn What is the difference between British Isles(不列颠群岛), (Great) Britain, United Kingdom and England? These terms are familiar, but puzzling to us Chinese.n The British Isles are made up of two large islands: One is Britain and the other Ireland. Britain, or Great Britain, is the larger of the two islands, and is divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales.n The United Kingdom (UK) is the short for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. UK consists of Scotland, Wales and England (i.e. the whole of Britain), and also about one-sixth of Ireland, i.e., the Northern Ireland. The rest of Ireland is self-governing.Part 1 GeographyChapter 1 Physical Geographyn Situated in Northwestern Europen Lying to the north of France and west of Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmarkn Consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Irelandn Total area: 242 534 sq. km.ITopography1Topography- Scotland n North: Scottish Highland, Mountainous.n The Grampian Ranges lies in the highlands;n Ben Nevis (1,343 m) is the highest peak in Britain;n Middle: Midland Valley, lower hills and rolling country drained by Clyde and Forth Riversn South: Uplands- contains broad, rounded hillsn Capital City: Edinburgh2Topography -Englandn North: Uplands continue - the Pennines (the backbone of England)n Northwest: the Lake District-valleys and lakesn Eastern and south central: mainly an open cultivated plain, lowlandsn South: Peninsula, uplands, scarps, cliffsn London (capital), Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool are the major cities.3Topography-Walesn a mountainous area with hills rising steeply from the sea and with flat topsn 6% of Wales is covered with forest and much of the country is pasture, with only 12% of the area arable.n The capital city is Cardiff.4Topography-Northern Irelandn North: a broad plateau (Antrim Mts, Sperrin Mts.), coast (Giants Causeway)n South: Mountains (Mourne Mts. )n The Lough Neagh here is the largest lake in Britain.n Belfast is the capital city.IIClimaten Milder: moderated by Atlantic Gulf Streamn Rain: in Britain every month favorable maritime climatewinters mild, not too cold；summers cool, not too hot steady reliable rainfall；small range of temperature average in winter 4C 6C；average in summer 12C 17CIIIRivers and Lakesn Main rivers flowing westward into the Atlantic, eastward into the North sean The longest river is the Severn River which is only 338 km long. (drain into Bristol Channel)n The second largest river in Britain is the Thames River, which is 336 km long. It rises in southwest England and flows rather slowly through the Midlands of England to Oxford, London and out into the North Sea.n There are many lakes in Britain especially in northern Scotland, the Lake District in north-west England and north Wales. n The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland which covers an area of 396 sq. km Chapter 2 Natural Resourcen The UK is rich in coal, iron, tin, copper, lead and silver.n Water: abundantn The free-flowing rivers provides plenty surface watern Large reservoirs in Welsh mountains and English Lake Districtsn Fuel: Coal, Natural Gas, Oiln Coalfields: Midland Valley of Scotland, Lancashire, Durham, Derbyshire, Northumberland, Nottingham in England, and in South Walesn Natural gas: UK Continental Shelf(大陆架) of the North Sean Oil: the North Sea along the British-Norwegian boundaryn Iron ore: Lincolnshire and Northamptonshiren Tin ore: Cornwall and Devonn Lead ore: Northern and Southern Penninesn Copper: North Walesn Saline Deposits: Cheshiren Clay: Cornwall, DerbyshireChapter 3 EconomyI. Characteristics of British Economyn One of the worlds most advanced manufacturing and trading nationsn The first to have been fully industrialized during 1750-1850(Industrial Revolution)n Export: manufactured goods, service, oiln Import: raw material, foodstuffn Industry is operated by small family business, private business and great public corporationn Boom areas: London and the southeast；“Development areas”: the north and westII. Industryn Cotton: Lancashiren Wool: Yorkshiren Linen: Northern Irelandn Shipbuilding: the Clyde, NE coast, N. Ireland n Iron, Steel, Chemicals: the north, the Midland, South Wales n Machine: North and Western Midlandsn Auto industry: one of the chief exporting industries, account for 11% of Br. Industrial outputn Chemicals: grow faster, capital-intensive, high valuen Iron and Steel: grow rapidlyn Coal Mining (diversified), Textile (contraction), Wool (craft), Shipbuilding (craft): withered, declinedIII. Agriculturen Animal husbandry: predominates in the farming economyn Crop production: Wheat 40%, Barley 30%, Oats, Rye, Corn, Potatoes, Sugar beets, Oilseed rape , Kale, Beans 30%n Horticulture: a ver