新东方在线考博http:/kaobo.koolearn.com/ 2017考博英语阅读练习（8）基本所有博士研究生招生院校都会有考博英语阅读题型，考博英语阅读的提高不仅需要知道解题技巧更应在平时的练习中加以运用，同时还可以复习考博英语词汇，在此给大家整理了2017考博英语阅读练习，希望大家学以致用。pecialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _.Asociology and chemistryBphysics and psychologyCsociology and psychologyDphysics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _.Athere is little distinction between specialization and professionalisationBamateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceCprofessionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific communityDamateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _.Athe process of specialization and professionalisationBthe hardship of amateurs in scientific studyCthe change of policies in scientific publicationsDthe discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialization is _.Athe development in communicationBthe growth of professionalisationCthe expansion of scientific knowledgeDthe splitting up of academic societies答案解析21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_.19 世纪专业化的发展在 _ 等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。Asociology and chemistry 社会学和化学Bphysics and psychology 物理学和心理学Csociology and psychology 社会学和心理学Dphysics and chemistry 物理学和化学【答案】 D【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点”。在这四个选择项中， A 、 B 、 C 都提到了“文科学科”，只有 D 选项中的“物理学和化学”均是“以数学和实验作为基础的科学”，因此可以推断 D 选项符合原文，是正确答案。22. We can infer from the passage that _. 从本文可以推断出 _ 。A there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别B amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争C professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community专业人士看上去是欢