2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 翻译题二十多年前科学家就己经知道癌症是一种基因病变。细胞核(nucleus)内的DNA被某种物质打乱，细胞突然不再有规则地分裂，而开始大量复制自身。不同于普通细胞的是，这种复制活动永无休止。癌症细胞和正常细胞差异极大，要理清造成这种差异的事件的先后顺序几乎是不可能的，所以很多年来研究人员一直在攻关这一难题，通过研究健康细胞，他们试图确定是什么变化使得这些健康细胞变成了癌细胞，但却总是以失败告终。现在情况出现了转机。根据最近的一期自然杂志刊载的报道，麻省理工学院的生物医学研究所的一个科研小组终于成功地将人类细胞转变为恶性(malignant)细胞。他 们采用了两种不同的细胞类型，通过把三种经过改变的基因嵌入这些细胞的DNA中， 从而取得这一成就。虽然这些操作都只是在实验室的器皿里完成的，不会立刻带来任何治疗方法，但显然它们是理解这种疾病的关键一步。【答案】Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the DNA inside a nucleus, and suddenly, instead of dividing in a measured fashion, a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell, it never stops.Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that its almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerousalways without success.Until now, according to a report in the current issue of Nature, a team of scientists based at M.I.T.s Whitehead Institute for Bio-medical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant - a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and wont lead to any immediate treatment, they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease.2. 单选题There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of government units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering and the taking of censuses all of which led to modem descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum-or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics in formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child, the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purse of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.1.According to the first paragraph, counting and describing are associated with（ ） .2.Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the first paragraph?3.Which of the following is not given as an example of a qualitative variable?4.Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?5.According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?问题1选项A.inferential statisticsB.descriptive statisticsC.unknown variablesD.qualitative changes问题2选项A.To point out that parents can teach their children statisticsB.To introduce inferential statisticsC.To explain that there are different kinds of variablesD.To present the background of statistics in humorous and understandable way.问题3选项A.GenderB.HeightC.College majorD.Type of personality问题4选项A.It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.B.It leads to increased variability.C.It solves all numerical problems,D.It changes qualitative variables to quantitative variables问题5选项A.To compare different groups.B.To predict characteristics of the entire population.C.To consider all the quantitative variablesD.To tabulate collections of data.