本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Solar Urban Planning and Design文献、资料来源：期刊文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2011.5.12院 （部）： 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师：翻译日期： 山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Solar Urban Planning and DesignAbstract:In recent decades, urban population growth, the acceleration of energy consumption and energy price, the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the demolition of nonrenewable energies, have adverted the attention of different groups to the use of sustainable, available and clean solar energy as a sustainable energy.Specialists like architects and engineers have considered solar energy in designing systems, buildings and equipments. Straggle success achieved in the case, cause the progress of replacing solar systems in buildings and equipments instead of systems consuming unsustainable resources like fossil fuel to be accelerated. But they have not applied coherently yet. In other words, before the enforcement of solar projects in cities, it is necessary to note all the dimensions related to their execution in order to reach their optimum efficiency. The goal that could be attained by long-time and multi dimensional planning.This paper guides the focus of urban and town planning and design on the application of solar energy. That urban planners should consider three aspects of environment, economy and society in three related elements of cities consisting buildings and urban spaces, urban infrastructures and urban land uses to achieve sustainable goals is discussed in this paper. So, after the review of few experiences, the issues and guidelines whose consideration lead to the more efficient solar urban planning and design are outlined.Key words: Solar Urban Planning- Solar Potential- Sustainable City- Solar Master Plan- Smart Infrastructure1. Introduction: the increase of attention to solar energyThe increase of urban population, activities and technologies using fossil fuels, energy price, energy consumption and the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the destroy of non-renewable energy resources, are causing different experts including specialists related to building and construction to look for alternative ways of energy provision. Building professionals have not considered the aim of good design aesthetically more and try to design the buildings characteristics and requirements in depend on the decrease of using fossil fuels and avoidance of wasting energy. Hagman(2005) says that great improvements in energy efficiency of buildings or the utilization of solar technologies on buildings have been made since 20 years ago. He says that visionary clients as well as a small but very active and innovativw community of architects, designers and engineers took the risk to use and to develop further solar technologies and strategies for urban plans and buildings (Hagman, 2005). He also addresses to the cultural movement of Bernhard Rudofsky in the middle of 1960s in holding an exhibition “ Architecture without Architects” in the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Building examples presented in the exhibition are effective in the attraction of architects attention to the variety of design and structural solutions, Integration in the local landscape, exclusive use of locally available, natural construction materials, uniformity of the construction structures, application of traditional and time-tested construction techniques.In Germany, at the end of the 1960s a group of architects, designers, engineers and sociologist, called LOG ID, were aiming at a life within a green environment. The life and work in a greenhouse got tested and promoted. Home designs, similar energy gaining and a heat storage. The idealistic goal was the dream of the self-supply(Hagemann,2005). Then, straggle efforts have been done and various concepts such as “ Biological design”, “Natural Design”, “AlternateBuilding Design”, “Sustainable Architecture”, “Ecological Architecture”, “Solar Architecture”, “Organic Architecture”, “Vernacular Architecture”, “Climate Architecture”, “Green Architecture” and “Natural Architecture” have been created in order to create a healthy and environmentally friendly environment. Today these single approaches of the various directions are adopted under the umbrella of an “ecological and solar building design” which aims at a holistic design approach(Hagemann,2005).“Ecological and Solar Building Design” can be described as any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with the living processes(Hagemann,2005). Some of the targets Hagman (2005) presented as the targets of ecological and solar design in its paper are lowest possible pollutant delivery at the environment,lowest possible power consumption from fossil energy resources, maximum use of renewable energy sources including the use of active and passive solar systems, exclu