2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题The age at which young children begin to make moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Kensey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Kenseys research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressors action was justified by public duty; five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Anns pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody wont fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.1. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?2. Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six year olds acquired the ability of（ ）.3. According to the passage, Piaget and Kensey would not have agreed on（ ）.4. The term “public duty”（in line 5 of paragraph 2）in the context of the passage means（ ）.5. Kenseys findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?问题1选项A.An outline for future research.B.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms.C.An analysis of a dispute between two theorists.D.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry.问题2选项A.differentiating between foreseeable and unforeseeable harmB.identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful actionC.justifying harmful actions that result from provocationD.evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules问题3选项A.the kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.the age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harmC.the intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.the circumstances under which children punish harmful acts问题4选项A.the necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.the responsibility to punish transgressorsC.an obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.the assignment of punishment for harmful action问题5选项A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.B.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.C.They do not understand the concept of public duty.D.They make arbitrary moral judgments.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需从全文整体分析。第一段中Kensey和Piaget两人提出了有关儿童心理发展的不同观点，随后的二三段都是在对Kensey的观点进行讨论和论证。A选项“An outline for future research”意为“未来研究的大纲”，原文并未提及未来研究的大纲；B选项“An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood terms”意为“对常见误解术语的扩展定义”，原文不是对误解术语的扩展定义，是提出了两个不同观点；C选项“An analysis of a dispute between two the