2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravitycould never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.21.According to Bacon, facts （ ）.22.Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants, （ ） .23.According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained （ ）.24.Spontaneous generation of life （ ） .问题1选项A.are determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reasoningC.have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants问题2选项A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly opposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculations问题3选项A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or religious dogmas, but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method问题4选项A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is verified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a speculation which has no basis in observation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】21.细节推断题。根据“Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention.（培根（Francis Bacon）提出，科学在于提高实验和观察的权威，而不是理性、直觉和惯例的权威。）”即可合理推断得出本题答案。22.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“illiterate assistants” “data collection”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句，“Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time.（尽管今天许多人仍然把收集事实并把它们归纳成理论作为科学方法的核心，但是培根关于事实和理论是什么以及它们之间的关系的概念，即使在他那个时代也是完全不切实际的。）”从而得出本题答案。23.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句和第三句。 “Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful axioms. This is what he meant by induction.（培根认为，随着越来越可靠和精确的特定事实的积累，它们可以被分类和概括，从而形成一个不断扩大的有用的公理层次结构。这就是他所说的归纳法。）”从而得出本题答案。24.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段最后一句，“Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.（若没有理论指导事实的收集，没有理论区分表面现象和重要现象，那么事实总是不可靠的。）”从而可进行合理推断得出本题答案。2. 单选题The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, （1） , needs to determine what level of literacy is （2） by society, what role he or she should take in （3） the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world （4） of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the （5） small proportion of illiterates in our own country an