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Grammar 定语从句 用来说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句。分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句.一. 关系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 代替人 代替物 代替人或物 主语 Who which that 主语 Whom which that 宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例:This is the detective who came from London. 例:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例:The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。例如:All the people that are present burst into tears.(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.(3) 非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如:There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.(4) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5) that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句(6) which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征、品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可是以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。(7) 如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who。(8) 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that。例如:The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如: Is there anyone here who will go with you?“介词关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构。(1)“介词关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词”结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。(2) from where为“介词关系副词”结构,但也可以引导定语从句。例如: We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二、关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句。 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where 充当地点状语,why充当原因状语。2. that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因,在 that引导的这种定语从句中,that也可省去。三、判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错: (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (对) Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案:例1 D,例2 A例1变为肯定句: This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句: This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。四、 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句: 大多数定语从句对所修饰的词的意思加以限制, 表示“.的人(或东西)”, 称为限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句: 非限制性定语从句对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用, 而只是补充一些说明, 通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开,在译成中文时,这个从句多译成一个并列句。1.二者差异比较 (1) 限制定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词之间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词、关系副词来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导。 (2) 限制性定语从句拿掉以后, 句子意思常发生变化,甚至不能成立,而非限制性定语从句拿掉以后对剩下部分没有太大的影响。 Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得开了一天的车,提议在下一座城市停下来。2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词,作主语,宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如: 1) This is the article written by him that is poke to you about. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited.五、As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 (1)as多与such 或the same连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 (2)as 也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which。例如: The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. (3) the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。 2 .As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面、中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如: (1) As is expected, he won the speech contest. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.1.what = the thing which/that;whatever = anything that例如:What you want has been sent here. 你要的东西都送来了。Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。2. who= the person that whoever= any
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