中文3200字本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation 出 处：Environmental Geology 34 (2/3) May 1998 .Springer-Verlag 作 者： F. Villarroya . C. R. Aldwell Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation Abstract. In evaluating groundwater development both the positive and negative effects must be considered; otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be achieved. Examination of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse. In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by the regulations that enforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use of groundwater resources for the present and future generations.Key words Groundwater development , Aquifer overexploitationAre future groundwater resources at risk?To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water (surface and groundwater) is one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 million km3, but only 2% is fresh water. The current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwater withdrawals (percent by sectors) are: domestic, industry and agriculture (Shiklomanov 1991). Margat (1991) stressed the need to improve water evaluation studies and quantified the amount of groundwater pumpage use in various countries. His list places the first fifteen countries as follows (in km3 per year): India 150, USA 101, China 74.6,USSR (former) 45, Pakistan 45, Iran 29, Mexico 23, Japan 13.1, Italy 12.1, Germany 9.5, Saudi Arabia 7.4, France 7, Spain 6.3, Turkey 5 and Madagascar 4.9.The main threat to groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundwater quality protection is the key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to groundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA (1991) summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources. The current practices in all the EU countries lead to a non-sustainable use of groundwater systems. The dramatic Dublin Statement emphasizes the unsustainable use of groundwater: “Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at risk, unless water and land resources are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past”.Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable developmentWhat does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we are using wisely the resources needed for our life-support system. The general conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable use of groundwater for drinking and other (industrial, ecological, etc.) functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and industrial core regions of the EU.Sustainable development must satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies develop. Uncontrolled aquifer development easily leads to extensive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation.Aquifer exploitation and sustainable developmentMargat (1993) speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio (1993), “intensive aquifer exploitation is a source of wealth, which fosters regional development and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed”.Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, environmental changes (affects on wetlands, salinity problems, etc), reduction of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positive. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells and