附 录外文文献原文：The commonly used sources of power in hydraulic systems are pumps and accumulators .Similarly,accumulator connected to atmosphere will dischange oil at atmosphere pressure until it empty. only when connected to a system having resistance to flow can pressure be developed.Three types of pumps find use in fluid-power systems:rotary,reciprocating or piston-type, and 3,centrifugal pumps.Simple hydraulic system may use but one type of pump . The trend is to use pumps with the most satisfactory characteristics for the specific tasks involved . In matching the characteristics of the pump to the requirements of the hydraulic system , it is not unusual to find two types of pumps in series . For example , a centrifugal pump may be to supercharge a reciprocating pump , or a rotary pump may be used to supply pressurized oil for the contronls associated with a reversing variabledisplacement pumps . Most power systems require positive displacement pumps . At high pressure , reciprocating pumps are often preferred to rotary pumps .1、Rotary pumpsThese are built in many differnt designs and extremely popular in modern fluid power system . The most common rotay-pump designs used today are spurgear , internal gear ,generated rotor , sliding vane ,and screew pumps . Ehch type has advantages that make it most suitable for a given application .2、Gear pumpsGear pumps are the simplest type of fixed displacement hydraulic pump available . This type consists of two external gear , generally spur gear , within a closed-fitting housing . One of the gear is driven directly by the pump drive shaft . It ,in turn , then drives the second gear . Some designs utilize helical gears ,but the spur gear design predominates . Gear pumps operate on a very simple principle . As the gear teeth unmesh , the volume at the inlet port A expands , a partial vacuum on the suction side of the pump will be formed . Fluid from an external reservoir or tank is forced by atmospheric pressure into the pump inlet . The continuous action of the fluid being carried from the inlet to the discharge side one of the pump forces the fluid into the system . 3、Vane pumpsThe vane pump consists of a housing that is eccentric or offset with respect to the drive shaft axis . In some models this inside surface consists of a cam ring that can be rotated to shift the relationship between rotor are rectangular and extend radially from a center radius to the outside diameter of the rotor and from end to end . A rectangular vane that is essentially the same size as the slot is inserted in the slot and is free to slide in and out . As the rotor turns , the vanes thrust outward , and the vane tips track the inner surface of the housing , riding on a thin film of fluid . Two port or end plates that engage the end face of the ring provide axial retention . Centrifugal force generally contributes to outward thrust of the vane . As they ride along the eccentric housing surface , the vane move in and out of the rotor slots . The vane divide the area between the rotor and casing into a series of chambers .The sides of each chamber are formed by two adjacent vanes ,the port or end plates , the pump casing and the rotor . These chambers change in change in volume depending on their respective position about the shaft .As each chamber approaches the inlet port , its vanes move outward and its volume expands , causing fluid to flow into the expanded chamber . Fluid is then carried within the chamber around to the dischange port . As the chamber approaches the discharge port , its vanes are pushed inward ,the volume is reduced , and the fluid is forced out the discharge port .Vane pump speed is limited by vane peripheral speed . High peripheral speed will cause cavitation in suction cavity . which results in pump damage and reduced flow .An imbalance of the vanes can cause the oil film between the vane tips and the cam ring to break down , resulting in metal-to-metal contact and subsequent increased wear and slipage . One metheod applied to eliminate high vane thrust loading is a dual-vane construction .4、Piston-type pump All piston pumps operate by allowing oil to flow into a pumping cavity as a piston retreats and then forcing the oil out into another chamber as the piston advances . Design differences among pumps lie primarily in the methods of separating inlet from outlet oil .5、In-line piston pumpThe siplest typeof axial piston pump is the swash plate in-line design .The cylinder are connected though piston shoes and a retracting ring , so that the shoes beat anainst an angled swash plate . As the block turns ,the piston shoes follow the swash plate ,causing the piston to reciprocate . The ports are arranged in the valve plate so that the pistons pass the inlet port as they are being pulled out and pass the outlet port as they are being forcing back in .The angle of the swash plate controls the delibery . Where the swash plat