选择题1. _ are fundamental frames of reference.A. perspectivesB. theoriesC. paradigmsD. methods2. _ can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life.A. symbolic interactionismB. conflict theoryC. structural functionalismD. feminist theory3. _ is/are systematic sets of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life.A. answersB. knowledgeC. practicalityD. theories4. Though the norm of voluntary participation is important, it is often:A. justifiably violatedB. not receivedC. impossible to followD. all of these choices5. Both ethics and politics hinge on:A. idiographic researchB. power and resourcesC. manifest researchD. ideological points of view6. Ethics are not a consideration in which one of the following fields of research? Or do ethics enter in all of these fields?A. natural sciencesB. medicalC. sociologyD. ethics enter in all of them7. Which of these are among the purposes of research?A. explorationB. descriptionC. explanationD. all of these choices8. What do social researchers mean when they say there is a causal relationship between education and racial tolerance?A. there is a statistical correlation between the two variablesB. a persons educational level occurred before their current level of toleranceC. there is no third variable that can explain away the observed correlationD. all of these choices9. A _ is probabilistic and usually incomplete.A. nomothetic explanationB. correlationC. spurious relationshipD. theory10. The _ of concepts in scientific inquiry depends on nominal and operational definitions.A. specificationB. interchangeabilityC. functioningD. network11. A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes are _.A. ratio measuresB. interval measuresC. nominal measuresD. ordinal measures12. In the simplest experimental design, subjects are measured in terms of a _ variable exposed to an _ variable.A. pretested; posttestedB. fluid; staticC. independent; dependentD. dependent; independent13. Which of these are among the many advantages that underlie the growing popularity of telephone surveys?A. moneyB. timeC. convenienceD. all of these choices14. A_ is an instrument specifically designed to elicit information that will be useful for analysis.A. questionnaireB. statementC. queryD. none of these choices15. _ refers to mental images.A. perspectivesB. theoriesC. conceptionD. methods16.The three main elements of the traditional model of science are A. theory, operationalization, observation.B. operationalization, hypothesis testing, theory.C. observation, experimentation, operationalization.D. theory, observation, hypothesis testing.17. Which of the following is the best example of a hypothesis?A. The greater the level of education, the greater the tolerance for alternative lifestyles.B. Socialization in childhood has a significant impact on adolescent gender-role identity.C. There are more female than male college students.D. Religiosity equals frequency of church attendance and praying.18. The paradigm that accounts for the impact of economic conditions on family structures isA. symbolic interactionism.B. structural functionalism.C. positivism.D. conflict.19. The major justification the social scientist has for requesting participation in a study is thatA. it may help the respondent.B. it may help all humanity.C. it may help the social scientist.D. it may help government officials make policy decisions.20. The controversy surrounding Laud Humphreys study of homosexuals suggests he most violated which of the following ethical principles?A. anonymity and confidentialityB. harm to subjects and data reporting without identificationC. concealed identity of researcher and anonymityD. harm to subjects and anonymity21. Which of the following is not a difference between ethical and political aspects of social research? Or are they all differences?A. Ethical considerations are more objective than political considerations.B. Ethical aspects include a professional code of ethics, whereas political aspects do not.C. Ethics deal more with methods, whereas political issues deal with substance.D. Ethical norms have been established, whereas political norms, for the most part, have not been established.22. A _ represents a condition that, if present, guarantees the effect in question.A. hypothesisB. sufficient causeC. practical issueD. necessary cause23. _ refers to mental images.E. perspectivesF. theoriesG. conceptionH. methods24. The mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions are made more specific and precise is called _