毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学生姓名： 学 号： 所在学院： 电子与信息工程学院 专 业： 电子信息工程 指导教师： 2013年 03月 28 日英文原文：NM2: Noise Mapping and MonitoringAbstract: Noise mapping has been recognized as a useful tool for city planning and management. However, its reliability and peoples confidence to a noise map depends very much on whether it can be validated and updated based on noise monitoring data. Moreover, a noise map shall be able to reflect the ever-changing scenario of real traffic. This paper aims to provide a concise review of noise mapping, including its methodological issues and the extent of its application worldwide. The paper also discusses the necessity of having noise monitoring to serve as a functional tool that assists policy makers and people at large to make informed decisions. We conclude the paper by recommending further research to develop an integrated approach to assess and manage environmental noise in built environments.0 INTRODUCTIONAccording to the United Nations (UN) Report on the development in Asia and the Pacific, entitled “Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2008”, it was expected that people in Asia and the Pacific continue to migrate from rural to urban areas. In China, it was projected that rural urban migration would be around 10-12 million per year until 2020, and then decline sharply to less than 4 million by 2030. As a result, urbanization is projected to increase from 35.8% in 2000 to 59.5% in 2030, while total population will grow from 1.28 billion to 1.45 during the same period of time. For major cities in China, it was estimated that the population in Beijing will grow from 11.1 millions in 2007 to 14.5 millions in 2025, the population in Shanghai from 15 millions in 2007 to 19.4 millions in 2025, and the population in Guangzhou from 7.8 millions in 2007 to 11.8 millions in 2025 respectively. Associated with a high population density, noise in cities will continue to increase due to more traffic, and more commercial and social activities.As a physiological stressor, von Bksy meticulously showed how noise affects human hearing in a peculiar way. Von Bksy also illustrated how human responds to sound psychologically. As his works have a significant influence on the development of audiology and the treatment of diseases of the ear, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1961. In fact, numerous researches confirmed that noise affects hearing, heart rate and mental wellbeing. In order to keep environmental noise under control, it is necessary to consider the development of strategic planning and management tools, such as noise mapping and noise monitoring, in China.The reminder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 1 presents a concise review of noise mapping including the requirements of the European Union Directive on environmental noise and discusses the difference between the source terms and geo- graphical conditions in Europe and China. Section 2 describes a real-time noise monitoring system and how this system can be utilized to validate and update noise maps in a long run. Section 3 presents some concluding remarks and the implications of an integrated approach-NM2: Noise Mapping and Monitoring in public services management.1NOISE MAPPING-A CONCISE REVIEWA noise map can be created by taking noise measurements at multiple locations in an area. However, the time, human and equipment resources involved normally prohibit the application of such methodology to produce a sizable noise map for city planning and management. And such type of noise maps was produced primarily from consultancy studies, government projects or academic researches.On the other hand, noise maps can be produced from computer models, especially for scenarios that may bring substantial impacts on community. The most noticeable ones were those noise maps created by INM models for aircraft noise. With the advance of computer and acoustic technology, the modeling of road traffic noise, rail noise, and industrial noise in cities were also getting popular in the 1990s. In 2002, the European Union (EU) led the world by publishing Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, known as the Environmental Noise Directive (END). The aim of this Directive is to define a common approach intended to avoid, prevent or reduce on a prioritized basis the harmful effects, including annoyance, due to exposure to environmental noise. And to that end three stages are set out:(1) Undertaking strategic noise mapping to determine exposure to environmental noise;(2) Ensuring that information on environmental noise and its effect is made available to the public; (3) adoption of action plans, based upon noise mapping results, with a view to preserving and reducing environmental noise where necessary an