第一章 I. Consider the following questions:1. Define morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme.(定义自由语素，语素，语素结合) 语素是语言中最小的有意义的单元，根据能否单独出现，可以将语素分为两类：自由语素和黏着语素free morpheme(自由语素):Those morphemes which may occur alone, that is , those which may constitue words by themselves, are free morphemes(能单独出现,也就是能独自成词的,叫做自由语素.)bound morpheme(粘着语素): -s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- n disclose, cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme, and are called bound morphemes.(dogs中的-s, national 中的-al, disclose中的dis-不能单独出现,它们必须跟至少一个其他语素共现,这样的语素叫做粘着语素.) 2. Define the simple sentence, the compound sentence and the complex sentence.（定义的简单句，并列句和复合句。）Simple Sentence: A sentence that only has one independent clause, it contains one subject and one verb, it can express a complete idea. Compound Sentence: A compound sentence is a sentence containing two independent clauses joined by a coordinator.例子：He screamed for help because a dog was barking at him. (他呼声喊救命因为一只狗对他吠了。) 这里，有个连词，所以是compound sentence，其实就是两个simple sentence 用连词(conjunction)连在一起 Complex Sentence: Complex sentence is a sentence containing an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.例子：The book which I borrowed you yesterday was stolen. (我昨天借你的书被偷了。)在这里，which引入了个dependent clause(在这个句子相当于定语，其实我不知道dependent clause 用在定语以外的方法，应该没有吧)3. Name at least five methods of word-formation and cite examples for each.Composition；girlfriend,classroom,bookshelf,Shortening:ad, a.m. P.mAffixation; dislike,subway,worker,farmerAcronyms;WTO,UFOBack-formation;babysitter4. What are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix? A prefix is attached before a base; a suffix after a base. The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented, that is, it adds new meaning to a base. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes. 5.名词解释 Define the following terms with examples： 68. WH-question : . A WH-question is a question that normally begins with a WH-word， eg. What did you do last night？ 69. non-finite verbs :The non-finite verbs are verbs that are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. 第二章句子类型 I. Consider the following questions:1. What is the primary function of a WH-question? The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when ,why, whose, which. 2. What are the two major types of alternative questions? They are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g. 3. How do we reinforce a command? Retain the subject you for emphatic effect.and add an initialdothe a command with the peron subject. 4. What are the two major types of exclamations? WHAT-exclamations and HOW-exclamations.II. Reinforce the negation in the following sentences: 1. I have not made a promise that I do not intend to fulfill.2. Im not interested in geography.3. Not one on the committee supported my plan.4. We can find no pretext for refusing the invitation.5. Ill not lend her money again.III. Supply an appropriate tag to each of the following statements: 1. The man smoking a pipe is the director, _isnt he_ ? 2. There have been a lot of changes in the town since I was there, _havent there ? 3. Youd rather I did not tell her the news, _wouldnt you_ ? 4. I dont think he is the right person for the job, _is he_ ? 5. They must all have taken the test last week, _dont they_ ? IV. Turn the following statements into exclamations: 1. You have a beautiful garden. 2. A large crowd of people were gathering in front of the House of Parliament. 3. Weve had such fine weather for a whole week. 4. She is very boring. 5. You made a very long speech this afternoon. 第三章 名词和名词词组（1）名词和名词的数 I. Define the following terms with examples:proper noun (专有名词 ):Peking,English mass noun （不可数名词 )Water,meat collective noun （集合名词 ) family,police, unit noun（个体名词)Kangkang,pig dogII. Choose the appropriate forms in brackets:1. The Browns (is, are) moving away on Saturday.2. No one will fail to marvel at the (snow, snows) of the Himalayas.3. We visited Niagara (Fall, Falls) last summer.4. I hate to see you in such (a low spirit, low spirits).5. My special thanks (goes, go) to Professor Brown, who read the first draft of this book and gave me a lot of invaluable (advice, advices).6. He dug deep in his pocket only to produce two (pence, pennies).7. There have been an increasing number of (man, men) teachers in primary schools in the past few years.8. Your politics (seem, seems) to be at variance with mine.9. The Chinese (is, are) an industrious people.10. Turn left at the second (crossroad, crossroads).III. Fill in the blank with appropriate unit nouns:a _clap_ of thunder a _web_ of lies a _blade_of grass a _bunch_ of flowersa _band_ of thieves a