外文文献译文Modelling of Vehicle Powertrains with the ModelicaPowerTrain LibraryJakub Tobol a r ,Martin Otter ,Tilman BunteABSTRACT：Modern power trains increasingly include mechatronic components. Moreover, the correlation with vehicle dynamics and comfort is significant for power train development. Therefore,a holistic i.e. Multiphysics approach is essential for the dynamic analysis in the design process. Hence, the multidisciplinary object oriented modelling language Modelica provides an ideal basis for simulations. This article describes both the basics and some application examples of powertrain modelling using the Modelica “PowerTrain” library.Amongst others, it comprises task-specific driver models, efficiency considerations,and 3D effects such as gyroscopic phenomena. Finally, results of some power train application example simulations will be shown.Zusammenfassung:Dealing with the modelling of multiphysical automotive applications, the object-oriented modelling language Modelica is widely used, see e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4. This modelling language is designed to allow convenient, component-oriented modelling of complex physical systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control,electric power or process-oriented subcomponents (see 13). The free Modelica language,free Modelica libraries and Modelica simulation tools are available, ready-to-use and have been utilised in demanding industrial applications, including hardware-in-theloop simulations.1. Introduction Dealing with the modelling of multiphysical automotive applications, the object-oriented modelling language Modelica is widely used, see e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4. This modelling language is designed to allow convenient, component-oriented modelling of complex physical systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents (see 13). The free Modelica language, free Modelica libraries and Modelica simulation tools are available, ready-to-use and have been utilised in demanding industrial applications, including hardware-in-the loop simulations. Based on the Modelica language, a library called ”PowerTrain” has been developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), see also 9, 10, 11, 12. It is useful for the modelling of a wide range of power train specific problems including optimisation of switch strategies for automatic transmissions, modelling of gearboxes with speed and torque dependent losses or realtime simulations. The library includes both easy to use and rather sophisticated components to model complete powertrains. As a matter of course, it does not supply components for all specific needs. But, the code of all components is transparent and can be modified or extended by the user. The following sections make a short introduction to the most important packages and components of the PowerTrain library (see Section 2). In addition, the interoperability between different automotive model libraries in terms of the VehicleInterfaces library is shown in Section 3. Finally, examples of powertrain modelling are discussed in Section 4.2. Modelica Power Train library In this section the PowerTrain library, its structure, conceptual design and some other features will be shortly introduced.2.1. Components For Modelica based modelling and simulation of vehicle powertrains, Modelica Standard Library 13 is used utilising mechanical, electrical, electronic and hydraulic elements.Moreover, to facilitate powertrain specific modelling the PowerTrain library contains many particular components. Some of the common components are described in more detail in the following. Especially for manual and automatic transmission models laminar clutches and free wheels are implemented and summarised in the Power Train library package Clutches, see Figure 1 below for package overview. With the lamella clutches optionally with thermal conduction the input is the contact pressure to engage the clutch. Connecting in series a free wheel and a laminar clutch, the ”One Way Laminar Clutch” component can be used for e. g. planetary gearsets. The Power Train package Shafts contains shaft components necessary to develop the driveline and transmission models either as one-dimensional or multibody elements. Besides the common rigid shaft, the key component required is the flexible shaft, which allows the twisting of a shaft to be modelled. In its simplest form the flexible shaft consists of two rotational inertias connected by a combined linear rotational spring-damper. This shaft can be used to model low frequency effects such as shuffle which typically occurs in the range between 2 and 10 Hz. Additionally, the flexible shaft can easily be adjusted to model higher frequency effects as it can contain a variable number of elastic and inertia components evenly distributed across this element