本科生毕业设计（论文）翻译资料中文题目： 空气及天然气钻井 英文题目： Air and Gas Drilling 学生姓名： 学 号：班 级： 专 业 指导教师： 论文翻译Chapter One IntroductionThis engineering practice book has been prepared for engineers, earth scientists,and technicians who work in modern rotary drilling operations. The book derives and illustrates engineering calculation techniques associated with air and gas drilling technology. Since this book has been written for a variety of professionals and potential applications, the authors have attempted to minimize the use of field equations. Also the technical terminology used in the book should be easilyunderstood by all those who study this technology. In nearly all parts of the book,equations are presented that can be used with any set of consistent units. Although most of the example calculations use English units, a reader can easily convert to the Systeme Internationale dUnits (SI units) using the tables in Appendix A.Air and gas drilling technology is the utilization of compressed air or other gases as a rotary drilling circulating fluid to carry the rock cuttings to the surface that are generated at the bottom of the well by the advance of the drill bit. The compressed air or other gas (e.g., nitrogen or natural gas) can be used by itself, or can be injected into the well with incompressible fluids such as fresh water,formation water, or formation oil. There are three distinct operational applications for this technology: air or gas drilling operations (using only the compressed air or other gas as the circulating fluid), aerated drilling operations (using compressed air or other gas mixed with an incompressible fluid), and stable foam drilling operations (using the compressed air or other gas with an incompressible fluid to create a continuous foam circulating fluid).1.1 Rotary DrillingRotary drilling is a method used to drill deep boreholes in rock formations of the earths crust. This method is comparatively new, having been first developed by a French civil engineer, Rudolf Leschot, in 1863 3. The method was initially used to drill water wells using fresh water as the circulation fluid. Today this method is the only rock drilling technique used to drill deep boreholes (greater than 3,000 ft).It is not known when air compressors were first used for the drilling of water wells,but it is known that deep petroleum and natural gas wells were drilled utilizing portable air compressors in the 1920s 4. Pipeline gas was used to drill a natural gas well in Texas in 1935 using reverse circulation techniques 5.Today rotary drilling is used to drill a variety of boreholes. Most water wells and environmental monitoring wells drilled into bedrock are constructed using rotary drilling. In the mining industry rotary drilling is used to drill ore body test boreholes and pilot boreholes for guiding larger shaft borings. Rotary drilling techniques are used to drill boreholes for water, oil, gas, and other fluid pipelines that need to pass under rivers, highways, and other natural and man-made obstructions. Most recently, rotary drilling is being used to drill boreholes for fiber optics and other telecommunication lines in obstacle ridden areas such as cites and industrial sites. The most sophisticated application for rotary drilling is the drilling of deep boreholes for the recovery of natural resources such as crude oil, natural gas, and geothermal steam and water. Drilling boreholes for fluid resource recovery requires boreholes drilled to depths of 3,000 ft to as much as 20,000 ft.Rotary drilling is highly versatile. The rotary drilling applications given aboverequire the drilling of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. However, the deep drilling of boreholes for the recovery of crude oil and natural gas are almost exclusively carried out in sedimentary rock. Boreholes for the recovery of geothermal steam and water are constructed in all three rock types. The rotary drilling method requires the use of a rock cutting or crushing drill bit. Figure 1-1 shows a typical mill tooth tri-cone roller cone bit. This type of drill bit uses more of a crushing action to advance the bit in the rock (see Chapter 3 for more details).This type of bit is used primarily in the drilling of sedimentary rock.To advance the drill bit in rock requires the application of an axial force on the bit (to push the bit into the rock face), torque on the bit (to rotate the bit against the resistance of the rock face), and circulating fluid to clear the rock cuttings away from the bit as the bit generates more cuttings with its advance (see Figure 1-2).Rotary drilling is carried out with a variety of drilling rigs. These can be small“single” rigs, or larger “double” and “triple” rigs. Today most of the land rotary drilling rigs are mobile units with folding masts. A single drilling rig has a vertical space in its mast for only one joint of drill