第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we cant give a sound reason why such a form is pronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form.当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaningless level.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。4.Human languages have such design features as productivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。5.Language is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie peoples actual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。（2009年10月考题）6. By saying language is creative ,we mean that every language contains an infinite number of sentences ,which ,however are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words .当说语言具有创造性的时候，我们指每种语言都包括无数的句子，而这些句子由有限的规则和有限的单词所构造的。第二章语言学填空题或选择题1. According to John Lyons , general linguistics deals with language in general and descriptive linguistics（描写语言学） is concerned with one particular language .根据约翰，普遍语言学把语言作为一个整体进行研究，而描写语言学关注一种特定的语言。（2009年10月考题）2. In de Saussures term, langue refers to the system of language and parole refers to the speakers speech . 根据索绪尔的定义，语言指的是语言的体系，而言语指的是说话者的语言。（2009年10月考题）3. Phonology is the science that deals with the sound system.音位学是研究语音系统的科学。4. Syntax studies two kinds of rules : phrase structure rules and transformational rules .句法学研究两种规则：短语结构规则和转换规则。5. According to Chomsky ,competence is “the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language ”.while performance is “the actual use of language in concrete situations”.根据乔姆斯基，语言能力是语言使用者所具有的知识，而语言运用是这种知识在具体情况下的实际运用。6. Langue or competence is abstract and not directly observed ,while parole or performance is concrete and directly observable . 语言或者语言能力是抽象的，是不能直接观察的，而言语或者语言语用是具体的，是能直接观察的。7. The scientific method involves four stages：collecting data ,forming a hypothesis , testing the hypothesis , drawing conclusions. 科学的研究方法涉及四个阶段：收集材料，提出假设，验证假设，得出结论。8. Saussure is the father of modern linguistics .索绪尔是“现代语言学之父”。9. The synchronic study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular point of time.语言的共时性研究关注的是处于某一时间点的语言所做的描述。10. A syntagmatic relation （横组合关系）refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.横组合关系指的是语言的序列特点。11. Phonological knowledge is a native speakers intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language .音位知识是当地语言者关于他语言的语音和语音模式的知识。12. Morphological knowledge is a native speakers intuition about how a word is formed .形态学知识是当地语言者关于单词是如何形成的知识。13. Syntactic knowledge is a native speakers intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not .句法知识是当地语言者关于一个句子是否合乎语法的知识。14. Semantic knowledge is a native speakers intuition about the meaning of language ,including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.语义知识是当地语言者关于语言意义的知识，包括单词意义和句子意义。15. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.语音学是对所有人类语言的语音研究。（2009年10月考题）16. Morphology examines word formation and the internal structure of words .形态学研究的是单词的构成和单词的内在结构。17. Syntax is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences .句法学关注单词是如何组合成短语以及短语是如何通过规则形成句子的。18. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences .语义学是对单词和句子的意义研究。(2010年1月考题)19. A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.历时性研究关注的是语言经过一定时间阶段所发生的历史变化。20. A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language .纵聚合关系是话语中的一种语言成分和话语之外的语言成分之间的一种关系，但是都属于语言的同一种子系统。（2009年10月考题）第三章语音学填空题或选择题1. Phonetics has three sub-branches :acoustic phonetics ,auditory phonetics and articulatory phonetics .语音学有三种分支：声学语音学，听觉语音学和发音语音学。2. The vocal tract （发音系统）can be divided into two parts: the oral cavity and nasal cavity .发音系统可以被分成两种：口腔和鼻腔。3. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air-stream from the lungs is either completely blocked or partially or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible frication .A vowel is usually produced with vibration of the vocal cords.辅音是发音的时候从肺部呼出的气流要么是全部阻塞或者部分阻塞，出气口过窄以至于可以听到摩擦的声音。一个元音一般是通过声带振动所形成的。4. Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.发音语音学研究声音是如何通过发音器官形成的。5. Acoustic phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speakers mouth to the listeners ears.声学语音学研究声音是如何从说话者的口中传入听话者的耳朵中的。（2009年10月考题）6. Auditory phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.听觉语音学研究声音是如何被听话者所接收的。(2010年