2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 翻译题计算机病毒系一小撮存心不良的黑客所为，这些人纯属为了搞恶作剧而编造有毒软件。病毒是短行的软件代码，具有以下三个特征：第一，病毒把自己隐藏在合法的文件或程序之中；第二，病毒像细菌那样进行复制以在计算机之间传播；第三，病毒对计算机的所作所为可令你气得发疯。【答案】Computer viruses are created by a small group of evil hackers who write harmful software just for the sake of fun. The viruses are short-line software codes, witch have the following three features, first, they hide themselves among legal documents or programs; second, they can copy themselves like bacteria to be transferred among computers; third, their effect on your computers will drive you crazy and make you mad.2. 单选题The health-care economy is replete with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or provider and purchaser or consumer in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Where circumstances permit the buyer no choice because there is effectively only one seller and the product is relatively essential, government usually asserts monopoly and places the industry under price and other regulations. Neither of these conditions prevails in most of the health-care industry.In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician一and even then there may be no real choiceit is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday,” whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the ailment is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctors judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer”. As a consequence, the medical staff represents the power center* in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participantsthe physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government)the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/hospital; and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illnesses, or just plain worries, the patients options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. In illnesses that are of some significance, however, such choices tend to evaporate, and it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health-care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public is relatively ineffective.1.The authors primary purpose is to （ ）.2. It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because（ ） .3.According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to return next Wednesday, the doctor is in effect （ ） .4.The author is most probably leading up to（ ）.5.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ） .问题1选项A.urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityB.criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patientsC.analyze some important economic factors in health careD.speculate about the relationship between a patients ability to pay and the treatment received问题2选项A.it is doctors who generate income for the hospitalB.most of a patients bills are paid by his health insuranceC.a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patients healthD.hospital administrators lack the expertise to question medical decisions问题3选项A.advising the patient to seek a second opinionB.instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesC.taking advantage of the patients concern for his healthD.warning the patient that .a hospital stay might be necessary问题4选项A.a proposal to control medical costsB.a discussion of a new medical treatmentC.an analysis of the causes of inflation in the United StatesD.a study of lawsuits against doctors for malpractice问题5选项A.cautiousB.defiantC.inquisitiveD.analytical【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题: