哈尔滨工业大学华德应用技术学院毕业设计（论文）摘要 在航天、航海、航空领域常用的控制器件电液伺服阀和导向器件挠性陀螺中广泛地使用精密弹性元件作为力敏单元获得反馈信号。这些弹性元件的刚度参数对相对应的控制器件、导航器件的性能影响很大。随着制造技术水平的提高以及航空航天技术的不断发展，对精密弹性元件的加工精度和加工效率提出了更高的要求，所以研究以弹簧管为代表的该弹性元件的刚度精密测量技术对增强国防实力有着重要意义。 本文首先综述了国内外弹簧管刚度测量技术的发展概况，并对国内弹簧管刚度测量技术的研究现状和存在的问题进行了比较全面的总结。为了展开对弹簧管刚度测量技术的基础性研究，本文根据弹簧管的设计指标成功地研制了能够实现自动加载、多点测量，并可自动地输出刚度曲线的刚度测量系统。为了提高测量系统测量的精度，在测量系统的实验数据处理中提出了一种基于灰色系统理论的粗大误差判别法。 其次，为了解决新型号大刚度值弹簧管刚度测量中重复测量精度差的问题，从测量系统的测量原理入手，在分析测量系统中误差源的基础上，重点研究了测量系统中各环节的弯曲变形以及环节间的接触变形对测量精度的影响，基于齐次坐标变换和矢量链法建立了弹簧管的变形与传感器实测变形之间的关系，并建立了误差补偿模型。考虑接触表面形貌建立了接触力学模型和协调接触方程，并用数值法求解接触参数。最后，本文对弹簧管刚度测量作了大量的实验研究。结果表明：接触变形对测量精度的影响最大，台板的弯曲变形的影响在其次，而其余环节的弯曲变形的影响则很小。另外，实验还表明，随着弹簧管刚度值的增大，变形对测量结果的影响程度随之增大。在对两种不同测量方法的比对实验中发现，对于大刚度值弹簧管，使用新方法会获得较高的重复测量精度，而对小刚度弹簧管的影响不大。本文通过对不同试件有针对性地选择测量方法，提高了测量效率和重复测量精度，为该类弹性元件的批量生产奠定了基础。 关键词 弹簧管；刚度；精密测量；误差补偿；接触变形AbstractPrecise elastic parts are widely used as sensitive parts to gain feedback signals in the controlling instrument such as electro-hydraulic servo valve or then avigation system such as flexibleness gyro in the field of astronavigation,navigation and aviation. Their stiffness parameters directly correlated with the performances of corresponding system. Therefore, not only have a rather high standard been set for dimensional precision and geometrical precision of them,but also certain demands are made against theirs stiffness characteristic. Due to their complicated geometry, along with machining errors and changes of materials characteristic, it is impossible to gain the accurate values of the stiffness by calculation. So, measurement is the only way to assure the stiffness requirement in production. At present, as the production level is advanced with the technology of astronavigation and continuous development of aviation,higher accuracy and efficiency in measurement are demanded to meet them.Therefore, studies on the stiffness measuring of spring tubes, typical plastic parts, is of great importance in enhancing strength of national defense.This dissertation firstly summarizes the development of stiffness-measuring instrument for spring tubes, and sums up the current research status and problems in the stiffness measurement. In order to expand the theory research on it, one stiffness-measuring system is developed successfully according to the design index of the spring tubes, which can automatically load and output stiffness curve by muti-points measurement. Then one new method for deleting gross error based on Grey System Theory is proposed in experiment data processing to improve the measuring accuracy. Technology of data accumulation in GST is used to weaken the randomness of measured data and enhance the trend item to find out the data regularity. Experiments prove that the proposed method is especially effective when the testing data are few or no statistical laws.Secondly, in order to research on the poor accuracy in stiffness measurement of the stiffer spring tubes, measuring principle is presented and error sources in the measuring system are analyzed. In the measuring device,bending deformation of all parts and contact deformation between parts joined together are key factors affected the measuring accuracy. So relation between the theoretical deformation of the tubes and the detecting deformation is set up based on homogeneous coordinate transformation and vector chain method. One model for errors compensation is obtained for improving measuring accuracy. Contact deformation between the measuring rod and tube is the most critical factor affecting the measurement accuracy. So, one contact model and corresponding conformal contact equation are set up by considering the surface roughness and the contact characteristic. Numerical method is adopted to solve the contact model.Thirdly, one new method is proposed to measure the stiffness of the stiffer spring tubes, in which special clamp are designed for the directly measuring of the angular deformation of the spring tubes. In the new measuring device, the bending deformation and contact deformation occurred before can be avoided and the repeatability accuracy can be improved evidently, which is proved by error analysis for new device and experiments.Finally，lots of experimental studies on stiffness measurement of spring tubes are carried out. The results show that contact deformation affects the measuring accuracy seriously, the bending deformation of the foundation plate is the second factor and other deformation can be ignored. On the other hand, the experimental results are also show that as the values increase errors caused by deformation will wicked. By the experiments of comparison of two measuring method, one conclusion can be drawn, which is that for stiffer spring tubes new method is a good choice to obtain high accuracy, but there are little difference for non-stiffer ones. Measuring efficiency and stability can be improved by distributing proper method for different tub