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动词不定式不定式定义:由to+动词原形构成。不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。“动词不定式”由动词+不定式构成。动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。然而在一些语言里(例如葡萄牙语),存在着受时态、人称和数量影响的不定式形态。亦有些语言完全没有不定式,例如阿拉伯语、保加利亚语和现代希腊语。1 时态语态1.1 介绍动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语,其形式如下:1.2 (1)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.(不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请)It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)1.3 (2)时态1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时:She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.一般在情绪后加to do to do 也表将来2 一般结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:When to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主语)Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做宾语)I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接宾语)The question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表语)以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:When we shall leavehow Icould learn经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。3 语法功能3.1 一、作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:It+be+名词+to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?It+be+形容词+for sb+to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.It+be+形容词+of sb+to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.It seems(appears)+形容词+to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.(3)举例(1) Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。(2) Its very kind of him to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。注意:(1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型(2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。(3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe.眼见为实。(错)It is to believe to see.3.2 二、作宾语1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)举例:The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.I find it difficult to learn English well.3.3 三、作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to
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