分词与分词独立主格结构语法讲解：分词与分词独立主格结构 英语中分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动和进行，过去分词表示被动、承受、完成和状态。例如：分词具有动词的某些特征，可以带宾语和状语，组成分词短语，能够在句中充当定语、状语和补足语。一、分词的变化形式现在分词的变化形式(见下表)主动语态一般式doing被动语态一般式being done主动语态完成式having done被动语态完成式having been done过去分词的变化形式只有done一种。二、分词的性质(一)现在分词各种形式表示的动作含义1.现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在其前发生。例如：Walking along the beach at dawn,you can enjoy the beautiful sunrise. 黎明时沿着沙滩散步，你可以欣赏日出的美景。Arriving at the school,we found that class had begun. 我们赶到学校时，发现已经开始上课了。2.现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中主要作状语。例如：Having found the cause,the doctors were able to treat the disease and cure it. 病因找到了，医生们就可以治疗并治好它。Not having checked the watch the night before,they found it stopped when they woke up. 由于前一个晚上没有检查表，他们醒来时发现它已经停了。3.现在分词的一般被动式表示被动动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。例如：This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. 这是我们实验室里正在进行的实验之一。Being asked to give a performance,he couldnt very well refuse. 有人邀请他表演一个节目，他不好拒绝。4.现在分词的完成被动式表示被动动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生并完成。例如：Having been given a birthday gift by her mother,she was very happy. 妈妈送给她一个生日礼物，她非常高兴。Having been made at the meeting,the decision could be carried out. 会议已经作出了决议，可以执行了。(二)现在分词在句中充当的句子成分1.作定语1)作前置定语。例如：Visitors left approving remarks in the comment books. 参观的人在留言簿上留下了满意的话。He is a promising actor. 他是一个很有前途的演员。2)现在分词短语作后置定语，等同于定语从句。例如：They built a highway leading to the mountains. 他们修建了一条通往山区的公路。We met many foreigners visiting in the nearby areas. 我们遇到了许多在附近地区参观的外国人。3)现在分词或现在分词短语作定语时，表示正在进行的动作、经常性的动作或当时的状态。例如：Tell the children playing there not to make so much noise. 让那些在那儿玩的孩子们别那么吵。They lived in a room facing the east. 他们住在一间朝东的房间里。2.现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，此类现在分词大多已转化为形容词。例如：The suggestion sounds quite convincing. 这建议听起来很有说服力。The situation is encouraging. 形势令人欢欣鼓舞。3.作状语1)现在分词可用作状语，通常表示主语正在进行的另一动作，对谓语动词所表示的动作加以修饰或陪衬。另外，有的现在分词短语用作状语可表示原因、结果等，也可等同于时间状语从句。例如：Being so poor at that time,we couldnt afford to buy a TV set. 那时我们非常穷，没有钱买电视。Her husband died last year,leaving her with three children. 去年她丈夫去世了，给她留下了三个孩子。Seeing those photos,he couldnt help thinking of those days spent in the village. 看到那些照片，他禁不住想起那些在村里度过的日子。2)如果现在分词表示的动作完成了以后，谓语动词表示的动作才发生，分词应该用完成形式。例如：Having fulfilled the task,they felt a stone lifted from their heart. 任务完成以后，他们感到心里非常轻松。Having had lunch,they went out. 吃过午饭后，他们就出去了。(三)过去分词表示的动作含义过去分词表示被动意义和完成意义，但用作形容词的过去分词一般不表示完成意义。例如：You will see this product advertised wherever you go. 无论你走到哪里，你都会看到这个产品的广告。I saw that building pulled down. 我看见那幢大楼被拆倒了。Those oppressed nations are rising to liberate themselves. 那些受压迫的国家要站起来解放他们自己。(四)过去分词在句中充当的成分1.作定语1)作前置定语。例如：A lost opportunity never returns. 机不可失，失不再来。This was an unexpected development. 这是一个出乎意料的发展。2)合成的过去分词作形容词用。例如：hand-made goods手工制品a clear-cut answer明确的答复state-owned enterprise国有企业3)作后置定语。例如：the departments concerned有关部门the task assigned所给的任务a book written in English用英语写的书2.作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等。例如：He looked very happy when praised. 受到表扬时，他看起来非常高兴。Influenced by Lei Feng,they performed countless good deeds. 在雷锋事迹的影响下，他们做了许多好事。United，we will be stronger than we are divided. 如果团结，我们就比分裂时更强大。He returned to his motherland that year, disguised as a merchant. 那年他扮作商人回到了祖国。Absorbed in the work,he neglected food and sleep. 他专心致志于这项工作，到了废寝忘食的地步。3.作表语(有些过去分词作表语很像被动结构)。例如：The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。The survey indicated that many crimes still go uncovered by the police. 调查表明许多罪行警方仍然没有发现。三、分词的独立主格结构分词的独立主格结构是分词的一种特殊形式，在句中作状语。在分词的独立主格结构中，名词或代词同其后的分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等在逻辑上有主谓关系。1.分词的独立主格结构构成类型1)逻辑主语分词或名词代词分词形式。例如：He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age. (his dusty face是分词的逻辑主语)他坐在他们的前面，满是灰尘的脸掩盖了他的真实年龄。All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的事情，原计划的旅行将被迫取消。2)There being主语。例如：There being no danger, the police went back to their police office. 既然没有危险，警察们又回到警局。There having been no rain,the crops were dying. 没有下雨，庄稼就要旱死了。3)with名词词组分词。例如：With the problem settled,they were happy and relaxed. 问题解决了，他们又高兴又轻松。With the price of gold going up, our economy would be improved. 随着黄金价格的上涨，我们的经济形式会有所好转。2.逻辑主语与分词的关系现在分词表示主动，逻辑主语发出、作出动作；过去分词表示被动，逻辑主语承受动作；分词的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。例如：Writing to her, he expresses his wish to be a lawyer.他写信给她，表示自己要当一名律师。I found the letter written ten minutes ago by John.我发现信是十分钟前约翰写的。