初中英语语法【名词】1名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计，都是不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。2名词的复数（1）规则变化A一般情况下加-s。B以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es。如：bus-buses，box-boxes，watch-watches，brush-brushesC以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。如：city-cities，country-countriesD以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es。（2）不规则变化A元音发生变化。如：man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，mouse-miceB词尾发生变化。如：child-childrenC单、复数同形。如：fish-fish，Japanese-Japanese，Chinese-Chinese，sheep-sheep3物质名词（不可数名词）量的表示方法（1）用much，a little，a lot of等表示（2）用容器表示a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of，orange，two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如：Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。（这里的五班指五班的同学的。）His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。（很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。）当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时， 意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如，Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。（这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.4名词的所有格(1) 名词所有格的构成法 A单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加s。the workers bike，the Childrens ball B表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 s。如： This is Lucy and Licy s room These are Kates and jack s roomsC. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加。如: the students books，the girls blouses(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:the legs of the desk，the door of the room但在表示名词所有格时， s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格.如:ten minutes walk，todays newspaper例题： 例1（1）How far is your school from here?Not very far. Its about twenty _ walk.A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute（2）It is about _ from the school to my home.A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes walkC. ten minutes s walk D. ten minutes walk分析 上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词，选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关系，因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的s也可以加在一个短语之后，若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s，则只加“。如：an hours ride, two weeks time。因而（1）、（2）小题答案均为B。例2 Have you seen _ at the foot of the hill? A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep分析 此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形；any一般用在疑问句和否定句里，some用在肯定句里。答案为A例3Who is the man in the blue car?He is _father. A. Kates and Marys B. Kate and Marys C. Kate and Mary D. of Kate and Mary分析 本题考查名词所有格的构成及方法。两个并列的所有格，只给第二个名词加“s”。例4 （哈尔滨市，2003）-Where is Tom？- He s left a saying that he has something important to do.A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news分析 此题考查名词的用法，由a知道选项A、C、D不行，故选B。答案 选B解后反思 an excuse（一个借口），an exercise（一个练习），news（新闻）是不可数名词。例5 （天津市，2003）He had something to write down and asked me for A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper分析 此题考查不可数名词的用法。Paper作“纸”讲时是不可数名词，故A、B、C可排除。答案：选D解后反思 paper当“试卷”、“文件”讲时是可数名词。类似的词还有：fish，chicken等。练习：1. June 1st is _ Day.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any3. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks4. We have got a lot of_ today.A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to doD. book to read5. We could see _ children and hear _ noise in the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many6. Will you pass me _?A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks7. _ has been invited to the dancing party.A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her8. September 10th is _ Day.A. the Teacher B. Teachers C. Teacher D. Teachers9 -Can I help you, sir?-Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper10. -Would you like _ milk, please?-No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all11. _ the old woman is in!A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health答案：D .B .D .B .C .A .B.B.B . A.A选择正确答案1. There are forty _ in our school.A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher2. Mr. Li is one of _ in the hospital.A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctorsC. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor3. The sign NO PHOTOS means that you cant _.A. take pictures B. bring in pictures C. buy any photos D. sell any photos4. Some of the boys in _ are afraid of maths exams.A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class5. Have you got any _ for us this time?A. pieces of message B. piece of messagesC. pieces of messages D. message