初中英语音标基本常识一、 音素 1、单元音：2、双元音：3、清、浊辅音：二、语音的基本常识 1、音节的划分一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。2、重读音节任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节 ，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“”。3、浊化音以sp_, st_, sk_开头的单词清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。4、定冠词the的读音e.g. the manc.f. the old man5、不完全爆破爆破音p b t d k g 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。e.g. basketball the part of the earth 6、连读在一个短语或句子中，如果相邻两词的关系相等密切，而前一个词以辅音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，辅音和元素连在一起读。7、意群的停顿对于一个较长的句子，可以根据意思和结构将其划分成几群,一个意群必须一口气说完。关于语音的几个概念 1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,2) 音标：词的语音形式。3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。apple, student, teacher, understand5) 元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi8) 闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。 2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)1) i: sea, he, see, piece, ceiling 2) i sit, build, miss, myth 3) e bed, desk, head, 4) bad, land, bank, stamp 5) a: car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6) hot, want 7) door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 8) u: good, who, blue, soup, 9) u look, put, women, could 10) cup, come, blood, rough 11) girl, work, serve, nurse 12) cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 13) ei cake, they, play, eight, great, 14) ai bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 15) phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 16) au house, town 17) boy, oil 18) dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 19) pear, care, there, fair 20) tour, poor,3. 容易混淆的元音1) e bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2) i: ei real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3) e AI bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide 4) au house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 5) au found fond; gown gone; down don4. 辅音1) p pen, 2) b bed, comb 3) t tell, 4) d, day, played, wanted 5) k cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box 6) g big, go, guess, language 7) m man 8) n nine, knife, autumn 9) bank, uncle, English, sing, 10) l land, world 11) r read, write, 12) f five, cough, laugh 13) v voice, of 14) think, 15) this, bathe 16) s sit, miss, science, case, scarf 17) z zoo, close, 18) sure, she, social, nation 19) pleasure, 20) h hot, who, hour 21) w wall, what, answer 22) j yes 23) child, teach, catch 24) joke, bridge, 25) ts boats 26) dz goods 27) tr tree 28) dr dream5. 容易混淆的辅音1) v w vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well 2) s sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3) z closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 4) n thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang 6. 读音规则1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)2) 非重读音节 banana, student, today, after, i orange, secret, evening, very, Monday 7. 特殊读音1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Cant you see it? last year, this year,8. 重音1)单词重音A)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorryb)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。about, believe, address, decide, report, condemn, respect, compare, inform, discuss, impress, mistake, enforce, prepare, employ, permit, escape, produce, exclaim,translate c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。record, record; insult, insult; conduct, conduct; present present; content, content d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。outside, retell, well-known, unreal, fifteen, Chinese, pre-war, post-war B)多音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。difficult, communist, family, economy, opportunity,democracy. b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。carefully, indefinite, comfortable, conductor, according, disturbance, complicated,establishment, c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。courteous, calligraphy, editorial, historian, periodic, mathematics, experience,sufficient, identify, translation, religious, curiosity, protective d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。entertain, employee, mountaineer, Japanese, cigarette 2)句子重音A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重 B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。 C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词beD) 实词不重读的特殊情况a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks. b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词