4 Grammar and UsageIntroduction to attributive clausesThe grammar item in this unit deals with attributive clauses. Students are first expected to learn about what an attributive clause is and the functions of relative pronouns and relative adverbs used to introduce attributive clauses. Then they will learn the different usages of relative pronouns.Step.1 Introduction to attributive clauses Here students will learn that an attributive clause is used to modify a noun and is usually put after the noun. They will also learn the different functions of relative pronouns or relative adverbs used in attributive clauses.1. Show the students some pictures about Harry Potter. Then ask: 1) What kind of boy do you think Harry Potter is?(brave, happy)2) Can you describe his appearance?(wearing glasses)Harry Potter is a brave boy. a boy with glasses a boy who is brave and wearing glasses.Let students know that nouns can be modified by adjectives, prepositional phrases or attributive clauses. Ask them to pay special attention to the different positions of the adjective, the prepositional phrase or the attributive clause, so that they will know that adjectives are usually used before nouns, while prepositional phrases and attributive clauses after nouns. 2. Ask the students to imagine. Suppose Harry Potter meets Yang Liwei in space, what will they say to each other? Harry Potter Yang LiweiWho are you? I am an astronaut An astronaut is a personHe works and travels in space.An astronaut is a person who works and travels in space.How did you come here? I was sent into the sky by a space craft.Space craft is a vehicle（运载工具） It can travel in space.Space craft is a vehicle which / that can travel in space.。Tell students that attributive clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs, and that the nouns are called antecedent.3. Ask students to read the example sentences in Point 2 and ask them what function of the bold part in each sentence is. Then ask them to point out the attributive clause in each sentence and translate the whole sentence into Chinese, so that they can compare the different ways in which the attributive clause is expressed in English and in Chinese.4.Ask students to read the article on page 9. Make sure they can identify the attributive clauses. Ask them to point out the antecedent, the relative pronoun or the relative adverb and its function in each sentence with an attributive clause. They can also translate the sentences into Chinese so as to compare the differences. AnswersParagraph 1： David was one of the post helpful students that we ever had.(The antecedent: the most helpful students; the relative pronoun: that, used as the object in the clause) In 1998, he went to Oxford University where he got interested in Chinese culture. (The antecedent: Oxford University; the relative adverb: where, used as the adverbial in the clause)Paragraph 2: Some of the cities in China which he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing. (The antecedent: some of the cities; the relative pronoun: which, used as the object in the clause) Most of the students that he taught have become his friends. (The antecedent: most of the students; the relative pronoun that, used as the object in the clause)Paragraph 3： Some of the books were gifts that he got from his Chinese friends and students(The antecedent gift, the relative pronoun that used as the object in the clouse)The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed in the assembly hall. (The antecedent: the paintings; the relative pronoun: that, used as the object in the clause)5. Ask students to do Part C1 on page 80 in Workbook, which will help them identify attributive clauses. AnswerPart C1 (page 80) 2 4 5 6 7 9Step 2 Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom and whose1. Here students will learn in what circumstances that, which, who, whom or whose is used. And they will also know when who, whom, which or that can be left out.2. Practice the use of the relative pronouns who, whom, whose, that, which with the help of some pictures.3. Ask students to complete the conversation on page 11 individually. Then have them read it in groups of three to check their answers.Answers(1) that/ which (2) whose (3)who/ that (4) who/ whom/ that(5) that/ which (6) that/ which (7) who/ that (8) that/ which (9) who/ that4.Tell the students the special use of “that” in the attributive clauses.5. Practice: Guessing games about the attributive clauses.Step 3. Homework: Have students do Part C2 on page 80 in Workbook, so they can get more practice in how to form an attributive clause in a sentence.AnswersPart C2 (page 80) 1 This is the school where/in which I studied five years ago. 2 In this school t