（一）分类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词（二）转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换抽象化(抽象名词，不可数名词)个体名词(可数)in flower开花a flower一朵花儿youth青春a youth年轻人success成功a success成功的人或事物质名词与个体名词的相互转换物质名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词，可数名词)iron铁an iron熨斗glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡抽象名词与个体名词的转换抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词，可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor 赢得荣誉an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)have pity on sb. 怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情with pleasure 乐意a pleasure 乐事可数名词有单数和复数的变化，而单复数的变化又分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。分 类变化方法举 例规则变化单数名词词尾直接加-sboy boys pen pens以s，x ，ch，sh结尾的单词一般加-esglassglasses boxboxes watchwatches brushbrushes特例：stomach stomachs以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”babybabies lady ladies注意：penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence（便士的钱数） pennies(便士的枚数)以“o”结尾的多数加-sradios zoos photos pianos kilos tobaccos 而下列名词的复数却要加-es：tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-eswifewives self selves特例：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs gulfgulfs beliefbeliefs 不规则变化改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men woman-women foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice 特例：child-children单复数相同sheep deer means（方法） works（作品、工厂、著作）合成名词变成复数的情况：将主体名词变为复数无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数将两部分都变为复数sons-in-law lookers-on passers-by story-tellers boy friendsgrown-ups housewives stopwatcheswomen singers men servants名词的所有格的构成方法分类举例名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词，如果该名词为单数，在词尾上加上“s”，即构成其所有格。Toms bike汤姆的自行车以“s”结尾的专有名词，在词尾可加“s”或“”Engless或(Engles) works恩格斯的著作以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“”构成其所有格a works school建筑工程学校不以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“s ”构成其所有格Womens Day妇女节复合名词在末一个词的词尾上加“s”构成其所有格the editor-in-chiefs office总编辑室名词的所有格特殊用法分类举例如果一个事物为两个人所有，在后一个名词的词尾加“s”如果不是共有，在两个名词的词尾都要加“s”Tom and Mikes room.汤姆和麦克的房间。（共有）Toms and Mikes books.汤姆的书和麦克的书。（不共有）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop；house或home等词the tailors成衣店 the barbers理发店 at my aunts在我姑姑家表示无生命的名词，一般用of短语来表示所有关系，该短语位于其修饰的名词之后the teachers of our school.但表示时间距离国家城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格。todays papers ten minutes walk。 拟人代名词的所有格用“s”Natures works大自然的杰作Heavens will天意Fortunes favorite幸运的宠儿表示有生命的名词也可以用of短语表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语来表示所有关系the teacher of the boys who are playing football on the playgroundof短语+所有格的用法：在表示所属物的名词前如有不定冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用of短语+所有格这一结构表示所属关系an old friend of my uncles规则情 况 语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I bought were three English books.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one, many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Lucy and Lily are twins. The writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.逻辑意义一致原则What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which