定语从句一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法 1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语) 3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。 (2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用that的情况: a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况: a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 五、关系副词的用法 (1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如: This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 (3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。 初中英语定语从句典型错误分析1. She used to help my brother, who was very kind of her. 【改】将who改为which。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是把my brother错当成了先行词。关系代词which指代的先行词是整个主句，它引导非限定性定语从句。 2. Do you still remember the day when we spent together in China last year? 【改】将when改为that / which或将when删除。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是没有弄清关系代词与关系副词的用法区别。不能因为先行词表示时间就一定用关系副词when, 而要学会准确把握句子的结构，正确分析句子的成分。例句中定语从句要用关系代词引导，并在定语从句中作spent的宾语。 3. The way which you look at problems is wrong. 【改】在which前加in或者将which改为that，也可将which删除。 【析】当先行词是the way时，定语从句常用that / in which引导，that / in which也可省略。 4. We were interested in the things and people whom we saw during the trip. 【改】将whom改为that。 【析】当先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句用关系代词that引导，that作宾语时可省略。 5. It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. 【改】将where改为that。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是把强调句型与定语从句混为一谈了。例句为强调句型，强调的是地点状语in the kitchen。 6. Is this factory that you have been working in since your graduation? 【改】在that前加the one。 【析】犯这类错误的原因是把this factory错看作是定语从句的先行词了。解答这类题时，我们不妨先将疑问语序改为陈述语序。this factory是主句的主语，故应添加the one作定语从句的先行词。当然，在factory前加the也可以，那么this是主语，the factory是表语。 7. He is such a lazy man as no one wants to work with him. 【改】将him删除或将as改为that。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是把such . as .和such . that .两个句型混淆了。 8. There are many books in the library, most of which is in Chinese. 【改】将is改为are。 【析】关系代词作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。例句中关系代词which指代的是先行词books，故从句谓语动词应用复数形式。 9. I am terribly sorry for having broken the MP4 I borrowed it from you the other day. 【改】去掉it。 【析】定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当一定的成分，因此从句中不能再出现与关系代词指代相同的代词或名词，以避免重复。例句中it与省略了的关系代词that/which重复，应去掉。 10. We will do all what we can to help you out. 【改】改what为that或将what删除。 【析】先行词为指物的不定代词时，定语从句用that来引导，that在从句中作宾语时可省略，而what不能引导定语从句。 11. He is our English teacher, without his help I couldnt have made such rapid progress. 【改】将his改为whose。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是没有弄清句子结构。这是一个主从复合句，逗号前面是主句，逗号后面是“介词 + 关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。 12. The scientist has made another discovery, that I believe is of great importance. 【改】将that改为which。 【析】that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 13. Theres somebody that