2015现代英语语法复习重点1-16现代英语语法课程代码 008311 .课程性质与目标性质：现代英语语法是自学考试英语专业的课程。目的：使学生认识从词到句乃至语篇的构造，提高英语使用规范性, 准确传递信息和表达思想。重难点：重点是动词的运用，第五到第八章。难点是名词的数、主谓一致问题等。（P5）2 . 2015年考试样题（课本 P25）一、选择题 （20%,未变）二、多项选择填空题（20%,未变）三、根据要求填空（20%,改变）四、改写句子（30%,未变）五、简答（形式未变）六、名词解释并举例（新增）教材的重点与难点归纳Chapter 1. An overview.术语:Grammar can be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or it covers certain parts of a description, focusing on syntax and morphology.Descriptive grammar （描述性语法）examines the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.Prescriptive grammar （规定性语法）tries to enforce rules about what they believe to be the correct uses of language.Syntax （旬法）is concerned with the way words combine to form sentences.Morphology （形态）is related to the form of words.Morpheme（词素）is the smallest meaningful element in grammar.Free morpheme（自 由词素）：a morpheme that can occur alone.eg:boy, girl, man.Bound morpheme（粘着词素）:a morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme.eg: im-, in-, -ed.open class words（开放t类）：also called lexical words, focus on the form ofwords. Their membership is fairly open-ended, so we can coin new words to add to them. Eg: N, V , Adj, Adv.closed classg寸闭t类）：also called grammatical words, focusing on functionsof words.Their membership is fixed and no words can be created. Eg: Det, pron, prep,conj, aux.二、语法单位的层级结构英语句子的结构层次是：分句（clauses）、词组 （phrases）、单词（words）、词素（morpheme）In writing systems, the hierarchical structure is:Higher A text consists of one or more sentencesA sentence consists of one or more clausesA clause consists of one or more phrasesA phrase consists of one or more wordsA word consists of one or more morphemesLowerA morpheme三.句子分类（按构成）Simpley简单句）:A sentence consists of only one clause.Compoun（复合句又并歹峋）:In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by coordination, it is a compound sentence. Complex4复杂句又叫主从句）:In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by subordination, it is a complex sentence.四、句子类型（按功能）Statements （陈述句）,commands （命令句） questions （疑问句），exclamations （感叹句）Chapter 2. Word-formation 构词法七种构词法:LComposition 组合法2 .derivation 派生法3 .conversion 转化法4 .blending 拼缀法5 .back-formation逆生法；逆序造词6 .shortening 缩略法7.acronym |vaekrdnm| 首字母缩写法 一、术语 Word-formation is the creation of a new word.构词就是新词的创造。 Derivation=affixation:it is a combination of a root and one or more affixes在一个词基（通常是个单词）前面或者后面添加词缀。如：nation-national Compound: it is a combination of two or more free morphemes.复合词是两个或者多个自由词素组合而成。如：playboy = play+boy Conversion, is the derivational process whereby an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.（不加词缀，但是词类发生转 变）如 answer： vanswer : n Blending is a process to create a new word from parts of two other words拼 缀词是由两个词的不同部分组成的。如：smoke（烟）+ fog （雾）=smog （烟雾） Back-formation refers to the process of creating a new wordby removing actual or supposed affixes.将原来单词的真实或者潜在的词缀 去掉，从而得到的新词。如：work-er work Shortening is a process whereby part of a word is clipped（剪切，截除）so that the original word, usually polysyllabic（多音节的）,is reduced to a smaller word without a change in its function.将原来的多音节单词的某一部分截除 掉，使它成为一个较短的单词，并不改变词的功能。如：ad = advertisement , phone = telephone An acronym is a word coined（=created 仓U造）by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.把一组单词的首字母放在一起而创造新词。如： VIP = very important person本章多注意辨别7种构词法并且能够举例说明。Chapter3. Nouns, pronouns and number 名词，代词和数一、术语 A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, event or idea. A noun phrase has a key element called the head word（中心词）and this may be preceded by a subsidiary element called a modifier（修饰语）.名词短语有个 重要成分叫做中心词，前面可能有个辅助成分叫做修饰语。eg： a nice girl A pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.The replaced noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun.代词是用来代替名词 或者名词短语的一种替代形式。被代替的名词叫做代词的先行词。eg:she, he. Number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, determiners and verbs in English. 数是英语中的名词、代词、限定词和动词的一种特征。 A proper noun is a name used for a particular person,place or thing, and pelt with a capital initial letter.专有名词是表示特定的人、地点和事物，拼 写时第一个字母大写。 A common noun is a name common to a class or people, things or abstractideas.普通名词表示一般类别、人群、事物或者抽象概念。A countable noun is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with determiners.可数名词有复数，可与数字和表示数量的修饰语搭配。A non-countable noun is a noun which has only one form and can be used without a determiner.不可数名词只有一个词形，不用与修饰语搭配使用。、名词分类名词-|专有名词|普通名词-|(concrete nouns)(common n.)|(abstract nouns|(concrete nouns)|(abstract nouns)可数名词-|具体名词|抽象名词物质名词-|具体名词抽象名词二、代词分类区分人称代词的主格和宾格，形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，及反身代 词。人称代词主格（作主语）:I, you, she, he, it, we, they人称代词宾格（作宾语