第十四讲 作文的题材和体裁二、 四六级英语写作类型 1 体裁：说明文，议论文 最近几年的四六级作文的体裁以说明文和议论文为主。 说明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview （2000，12，四级）, How I Finance My College Education（2000，1 四级）, Practice Makes Perfect， Haste Makes Waste（97，1 六级） 议论文如：Dont Hesitate to Say NO（99，1 四级和六级）, Can Money Buy Happiness（95，1 四级）, Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？（2000，6 四级） Reading Selectively or Extensively? (99，6六级)，Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? (98,6 四级和六级) 2段落类型：比较/对比，列举，程序等 说明和议论文章所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较/对照，举例、列举、因果、程序等者居多。如： Dont Hesitate to Say NO, Reading Selectively or Extensively等很多四六级写作中都涉及到两种观点的对比，整体的段落类型为对照型。 Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采用因果行的段落结构模式，也可以采用举例说明的结构模式。Advantages of a Job Interview则应采用列举的段落扩展模式。 3 出题方式：提纲式写作，中文提纲，一般为三句或两句； 如：99年1月分考题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Dont Hesitate to Say NO. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说不。 2. 为什么有些人在该说不的时候不说不。 3. 该说不时不说不的坏处。 再如：98年一月分考题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象？ 2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。 三、 四六级英语写作模式 文章由段落组成，四六级写作的布局要求成三段式的写作模式，这就体现了由段落到篇章的结构模式。首先，我们来看一下英语段落的写作要求。 1 段落 英语中的段落由三部分组成，即主题句、支撑细节和结论句。篇章中的段落可以没有结论句，但是一般应该有主题句。写作中要求 1）开门见山提出主题 如下面一篇写作： 题目：Good Health提纲： (1) Importance of good health(2) Ways to keep good health(3) My own practices写作中可以将文章分成三段，但注意每段主题要明确，并且于第一句中提出： Good health is very important to everyone. With it, we can study hard; we can serve the country; we can do everything as we like. Without good health, everybody knows, we will fail to do things; we cant work efficiently; we may stay in hospital well become a burden of our family, etc. In my opinion, there are two ways to keep fit. First, we must eat a balanced diet. This is to say, we must eat not only eggs, fish, and meat, but also some vegetables and fruit everyday. Besides eating, drinking clean water is also important. Never get addicted to drinking the so-called soft drinks. Second, exercising is a vital part of our daily life. We can do some running in the morning and play football in the afternoon. As a university student, I pay much attention to my physical exercises. I do some swimming in summer and some skating in winter. I often play badminton and tennis. Im also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously. 2） 段落扩展模式要适当 英语文章的段落结构模式主要有： （1）比较和对照 There are many differences between middle school and the college. First, in middle school, we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college, we must study by ourselves before class. If not, we couldnt follow the teacher. Second, there are lots of rules in middle school. For example, we should wear the uniform, the girls must have their hair cut short, and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However, in college, we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third, in the middle school, we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast, we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.? 再如： 题目：Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports提纲： a. 体育运动的好处 b. 体育运动可能带来的副作用 c. 我参加体育活动的体会 Sports do us good in many respects (TS). It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes, there are two sides to everything, and sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. Whats more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health. My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people. So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good. 就比较对照而言，段落格式可采用逐点比较(point-by-point method)的方式，也可采用块状比较(block method)的方式。 逐点比较的格式是 A 1 - B1；A2 -