多恩布什宏观经济学习题答案刘秋红、杨燕风根据英文第8版修订。【注：红色字体的是后来修订的。】第1章 导论二、概念题 答：在解释产出和价格是如何决定时，通常可以用AS-AD模型解决，但是必须首先明确所考虑的时间是怎样的。垂直的AS曲线描述的是长期的情况，产出Y只由总供给曲线AS决定简单地说，长期的总产出Y（也叫总产量、总产值）固定于潜在产出或称充分就业产出Y*，即长期的Y不变（但这实际上是错误的！）；而价格是由需求和供给水平共同决定的。实际上在长期，总产出Y并不是没有变化因为长期是由短期、中期构成的，所以长期中各时点的产出围绕Y*波动。因此垂直的AS曲线只是一种理想而简单的描述，实际上并不存在。【注：这些红色字体的是后来修订的。】水平的AS曲线描述的是短期的情形，此时产出由总需求决定，价格是固定不变的。向上倾斜的AS曲线描述的是中期情形，总供给和总需求的波动会影响生产能力和价格水平既定不变条件下的实际产量。AD-AS模型是对现实世界的非常简单的陈述，它无法描述所有居民和经济中的企业行为。在这个框架中，总需求变动对产量和价格的影响在很大程度上取决于AS曲线的斜率。应该记住，当潜在产出能力提升时，特长期AS曲线会逐年向右移动，因此，即使在AD曲线固定不变时，价格水平会随着时间的推移而下降。三、 技术题答：产出缺口被定义为实际GDP和潜在GDP的差额。因此在该假设的经济中产出缺口为360亿美元（=1560-1200）。预计失业水平比正常水平高。第2章 国民收入核算二、概念题1. Government transfer payments (TR) do not arise out of any production activity and are thus not counted in the value of GDP. If the government hired the people who currently receive transfer payments, then their wages would be counted as part of government purchases (G), which is counted in GDP. Therefore GDP would rise.2.a. If the firm buys a car for an executives use, the purchase counts as investment (I). But if the firm pays the executive a higher salary and she then buys a car, the purchase is counted as consumption (C).2.b. The services that a homemaker provides are not counted in GDP (regardless of their value). However, if an individual officially hires his or her spouse to perform household duties at a certain wage rate, then the wages earned will be counted in GDP and GDP will increase.2.c. If you buy a German car, consumption (C) will increase but net exports (NX = X - Q) will decrease. Overall GDP will increase by the value added at the foreign car dealership, since the import price is likely to be less than the sales price. If you buy an American car, consumption and thus GDP will increase. (Note: If the car you buy comes out of the car dealers inventory, then the increase in C will be partially offset be a decline in I, and GDP will again only increase by the value added.) 3.GDP is the market value of all final goods and services currently produced within the country. (The U.S. GDP includes the value of the Hondas produced by a Japanese-owned assembly plant that is located in the U.S., but it does not include the value of Nike shoes that are produced by an American-owned shoe factory located in Malaysia.)GNP is the market value of all final goods and services currently produced using assets owned by domestic residents. (Here the value of the Hondas produced by a Japanese-owned Honda plant is not counted but the value of the Nikes by the American-owned shoe plant is.)Neither is necessarily a better measure of the output of a nation. The actual value of the GDP and GNP for the U.S. is fairly close.4.The NDP (net domestic product) is defined as GDP minus depreciation. Depreciation measures the value of the capital that wears out during the production process and has to be replaced. Therefore NDP comes closer to measuring the net amount of goods produced in this country. If this is what you want to measure, then NDP should be used.5. Increases in real GDP do not necessarily mean increases in welfare. For example, if the population of a country increases by more than real GDP, then the population of the country is on average worse off. Also some increases in output come from welfare reducing events. For example, increased pollution may cause more lung cancer, and the treatment of the lung cancer will contribute to GDP. Similarly, an increase in crime may lead to overtime work for police officers, whose increased salary will increase GDP. But the welfare of the people in the country may not have increased in either case. On the other hand, GDP does not always accurately measure quality improvements in goods or services (faster computers or improved health care) that improve peoples welfare.6. The CPI (consumer price index) and the PPI (producer price index) are both measured by looking at a certain market basket. The CPIs basket contains mostly finished goods and services that consumers tend to buy regularly in their daily lives. The PPIs basket contains raw materials and semi-finished goods, that is, it measures costs to the producer of a product and its first user. The CPI is a concurrent economic indicator, whereas the PPI is a leading economic indicator.7. The GDP-deflator is a price index that covers the average price increase of all final goods and services currently produced within an economy. It is defined as the ratio of current nominal GDP to current real GDP. Nominal GDP is measured in current dollars, while real GDP is measured in so-called base-year dollars. Even though early estimates of the GDP-deflator tend to be unreliable, the GDP-deflator can be a more useful price index than the CPI or PPI (both of which are fixed market baskets). This is true for two reasons: first it measures a much wider cross-section of goods and services; second, a fixed market basket