英语教学论课程作业习题集英语教学论作业习题集Unit 1 Language and Language Learning 1。What are the three views on language？1） Structural view on language： The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems： from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences。 Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language。 This view on language limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary。2) Functional view on language：The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. This view on language adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do.3) Interactional view on language： The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore， learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts。 This view on language says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so, and where， when and how it is appropriate to do it。 In order to know this, the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts。2. What are the views on language learning？1) Behaviourist theory：The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by behavioral psychologist Skinner, who applied Watson and Raynors theory of conditioning to the way humans acquire language (Harmer， 1983） The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages， stimulus， response, and reinforcement(Harmer1983： 30） Based on the theory of conditioning， Skinner suggested language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.2) Cognitive theory： The term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat。 It seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomskys reaction to Skinners behaviorist theory， which led to the revival of structural linguistics. According to Chomsky, language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system。 There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite of sentences can be produced。 A language learner acquires language competence, which enables him to produce language.3) Constructivist theory The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he or she already knows。 It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned. John Dewey（杜威） believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative， critical learners。 Therefore， teachers must balance an understanding of the habits， characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners interests and curiosity for learning。4) Socioconstructivist theoryVygotsky (前苏联心理学家维果茨基 ,1978) emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” （ZPD可能发展区/最近发展区 ） and scaffolding鹰架/支架/脚手架。 That is to say， learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. With the teachers scaffolding through questions and explanations， or with a more capable peers support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his/her skills and knowledge to the fullest potential。3. What are the qualities of a good language teacher?The main elements of a good English teacher are ethic devotion， professional qualities， and personal styles. (Then try to explain these three elements respectively according to your own understanding）Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based Language Teaching1。 What is communicative competence?Hedge （2000: 4655) discusses five main components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, prag