2022年大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(10)A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC) give parents some advice on how to modify their children”s emotions through learningD) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. A) classical conditioningB) operant conditioningC) neither of themD) some other sorts of conditioning 13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through _.A) classical conditioningB) operant conditioningC) both of themD) neither of them 14. In the third paragraph, the author is _. A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so onD) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _. A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB) the third kind of learningC) further examples of learning through operant conditioningD) none of the above In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother”s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. 注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的modify 修改、转变；pair with 伴随it is .that 强调介词状语构造 分类型文章：1.分为几类就是文章主题2.抓住各类主体词/根本特征词（通常为动词）3.多余段落通常例证某一类 The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning.“ This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. 注：1.operant 操作型的，词源 operatecuddle 拥抱第一种 classical conditioning：联系而去做；其次种 operant conditioning：有奖惩而去做 Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 注：1.interact 交往，相互影响 positive 正面的 negative 负面的本段是多余段落，例证第一种 classical conditioningmean a. 卑劣的 11. The author”s main purpose in writing the passage is to _. A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC) give parents some advice on how to modify their children”s emotions through learningD) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 注：主题题，第一段主题句为其次句 In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother”s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negat