ENGLISH WORDS1.A total elongation of a bar carrying an axial force带了轴力的杆件伸长量2.A bar that has constant cross section throughout its length and a strait axis 一个全长等截面的直轴3.A uniform stretching均匀拉伸4.Units of force divided by area单位面积上的力5.A compressive stress压应力6.At right angles to its axis垂直于轴杆7. This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the crosssection, as can be demonstrated y statics.这种情况将被认为：如果一个轴向力P 作用在横截面中心，那么它可以以静力学来解释。8. Also, unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself isneglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig. 1-1 .同样，除非另有说明，这个通常假设该物体的重力被忽略，对于在像图- 讨论杆件的时候。9. By making an artificial cut through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate parts ofthe bar as a free body.人工的截开这个杆在垂直于轴向的方向上，我们能隔离出杆的一部分为自由端。10. The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the extension of prismatic bar. 应力和应变能够用一种基本的方式来解释，考虑该柱形延伸的杆件。11. Assuming that the stress has a uniform distribution over the cross section ,we can readily seethat its resultant is equal to the intensity times the cross-section area A of the bar.假设在整个横截面上有着均匀分布的应力，我们能理解到它的结果等于强度6 与横截面面积 A 的乘积。12. When the bar is being stretched by the force P , as shown in the figure, the resulting stress is a tensile stress; if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed, theyare called compressive stresses. 当一个杆件被力P 拉伸，我们可以看到在途中，这个结果应力为拉力，如果这个里方向相反，将造成这个敢见被压缩，这叫压应力。13.The critical load临界荷载14.The ultimate load最终荷载15.a modulus of elasticity 弹性模量16.a factor of safety安全因素17.elastic buckling弹性弯曲18.initial crookedness故有弯曲19.the slenderness ratio长细比20. A diagram of the compressive stress in the column versus the slenderness ratio can now be plotted. 一个图表关于有压力的柱体长细比能马上被绘制。21. For practical purpose it is sometimes sufficient to draw a straight line EB and to consider thatit represents the critical stresses for medium-length columns.对实际的目的而言，这个有时候足以用画一条直线EB来考虑和代表临界应力关于中等柱体。22. At this stress the column fails either by a direct failure of the material or by bucking, depending upon the slenderness ratio. 对于这种应力的柱体被破坏不是直接压坏就是被压弯，这取决于这根柱的长细比。23. This condition cannot be improved by using a higher strength material; instead, the criticalstress can be raised by increasing the radius of gyration or by using a material with a highermodulus of elasticity.这种情况下不能被提高：用一更高的强度的材料，但是用一更高回转半径的材料或者有更高弹性模量的材料能提高临界应力。24. The Euler formula for the critical load is inapplicable in some instances and gives values which are too high. 欧拉公式的临界荷载有些情况不能应用，这回导致结果值太高。25. dead loads 静荷载26. live loads 动荷载27.the mean load平均荷载28.rational safety provisions 合理安全措施29.random variable随机变量30. Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all loads which mayforeseeably act on it. 安全要求结构的强度对于预见的作用在这个上面的全部荷载是充分的。31. Serviceability requires that deflections be adequately small, that cracks, if any, be kept totolerable limits, that vibrations be minimized.适用性要求充分小的挠度，可以保持在允许范围内的裂缝和尽量小的震动。32.Actual loads may differ from those assumed in the design.真实的荷载或许与假设中的设计不相同。33.Actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that assumed in the desigh.真实的荷载分布情况或许与假设中涉及不相同34. Dead loads are those which are consistent in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure. 静荷载是一直在大小和位置都不变的作用在结构上。35.flat roof 平屋顶36.pitched roof 人字形屋顶37.upwind part of the roof屋顶的逆风面38.canopy roof 天蓬屋顶39.windward part of the roof屋顶的上风面40.wind parallel with building facade平行于建筑物正面的风41.wind perpendicular to building facade垂直于建筑物正面的风42. When the undisturbed air flow approaches a building, it is forced around and over the building. 当没有干扰的气流接近一个建筑，它的力量是覆盖在建筑物的周围和上方。43.Pressure is marked by plus and suction is marked by minus in the following figures.压力在下边的图表中为“ +”，引力为“ ”。44.For pitched roofs with a slope of between 15 and 30, suction as well as pressure may occuron the upwind part of the roof.对于坡度在 15 到 30 的人字坡而言， 吸力和压力一样或许作用在逆风屋顶。45. If this aspect was incorporated into the building traditions of areas prone to severe hurricanes, the number of low-rise structural failures in these areas could be reduced in the future. 如这个方面综合考虑系统倾向于严重的飓风区域内不高的结构承载力破坏的数量在这些区域在未来将减少。46.member performance构件工作性能47.rational safety provisions合理安全储备48.concrete cover distance保护层厚度49.random variable随机变量50.deep flexural members 深梁51.Tension cracks in beams may be wide enough to be visually disturbing, and in some casesmay reduce the durability of the structure.梁中拉应力产生的裂缝足够宽看起来是烦人的，在某些情况下或许会降低结构的耐久性。52.