2022年商务英语考试BEC中级训练题(6)Read the following text.Choose the best sentence from the list on page 36 to fill each of the gaps.For each gap 8 12 mark one letter A I on your Answer Sheet.Do not mark any letter twice. Marketing In the past, the concept of marketing emphasised sales. The producer or manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. _ example _ . Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling _ (8) _ Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardisation and grading, and the related risks.The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on a different set of principles _ (9) _ In other words, goods should be produced only if they can be sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product - or what the market for the product is - before production begins.Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company _(11)_ This is much more difficult since it involves human behaviour. _(12)_ Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process. Example: C A. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. B. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product.C. Marketing is as important in todays economy as the production of goods and services.D. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem.E. Such markets must be created and stimulated by managers.F. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.G. More than half the cost of consumer goods can be traced to marketing activities.H. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the places where it was actually sold.I. Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider the desires of the consumer. BUSINESSMANAGEMENT 0Many organizations are seeking to take advantage of flatter management 00structures by moving through to self-managed teams. In our experience, these 34teams produce us very impressive results. However, as the companies 35we work with can tell to you, they are neither a soft option nor a quick fix. 36self-managed teams operate in dramatically different ways from the other 37teams and they can only succeed in if the organizational culture, along with a 38number of systems and procedures, are been re-shaped. Thus, changing to 39self-managed teams requires not only most top level support but a clear 40understanding of the concept which at all levels. Often staff who find themselves 41at the lower levels of a traditional structure imagine that by operating in self- 42managed teams simply means by that they will be free to do what they want 43without having to be obey the orders of upper management and this simply is 44not the case. One of the most important areas we address with our clients 45is the need to re-educate staff with a regard to the practical meaning of the Word team. Such re-education is required from shop floor to board level.