Contents01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE- 3 -02.THE NONMETAL ELEMENTS- 5 -03.GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTS- 7 -04.GROUPS IIIBVIIIB ELEMENTS- 9 -05.INTERHALOGEN AND NOBLE GAS COMPOUNDS- 11 -06.THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- 13 -07.THE NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- 15 -08.BRONSTEDS AND LEWIS ACID-BASE CONCEPTS- 19 -09.THE COORDINATION COMPLEX- 22 -10.ALKANES- 25 -11.UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS- 28 -12.THE NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS- 30 -13.SUBSTITUTIVE NOMENCLATURE- 33 -14.THE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN- 37 -15.PREPARATION OF A CARBOXYLiC ACID BY THE GRIGNARD METHOD- 39 -16.THE STRUCTURES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS- 41 -17.OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- 44 -18.SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOLS AND DESIGN OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS- 47 -19.ORGANOMETALLICSMETAL COMPLEXES- 49 -20.THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS- 52 -21.ELECTROPHILIC REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS- 54 -22.POLYMERS- 57 -23.ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND PROBLEMS IN SOCIETY- 61 -24.VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS- 63 -25.QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS- 65 -26.VAPOR-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY- 67 -27.INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY- 70 -28.NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (I)- 72 -29.NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE(II)- 75 -30.A MAP OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY- 77 -31.THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS- 79 -32.CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS- 82 -33.THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS- 85 -34.NATURE OF THE COLLOIDAL STATE- 88 -35.ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS- 90 -36.BOILING POINTS AND DISTILLATION- 93 -37.EXTRACTIVE AND AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION- 96 -38.CRYSTALLIZATION- 98 -39.MATERIAL ACCOUNTING- 100 -40.THE LITERATURE MATRIX OF CHEMISTRY- 102 -01. THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLEThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the kind of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: oxygen=O nitrogen = N neon=Ne magnesium = MgSome elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based on their Latin names, for example: iron=Fe(ferrum) copper=Cu(cuprum) lead=Pb(plumbum)A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1.Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds1. In 1869, D.Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns2. Such an arrangement is called a periodicEach horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements.In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the linethe metalloids-have properties characteristic of - both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals.