定语从句与宾语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的基本概念 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that和关系副词where, when, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中 担任句子成份。例: This is the boy who often helps me.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功能 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例： I dont like people who talk much but do little.2. 作宾语例： She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.3. 作定语：关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语用。例： Whats the name of the young man whose father is a doctor?4. 作状语例： Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.三. 关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例： The boywho is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。例： Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例： The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.4. which 指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。例： A dictionary is a bookwhich gives the meaning of words.5. that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。例： Who is the personthat is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例： Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例： The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.【注意】关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句 之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。例： That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.四. 特殊用法1. 只用 that 不用 which 的情况(1)先行词是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例： All that he said is true.(2)先行词被only, no, any, one of等词修饰时。例: The giant panda is one of the most lovely animals in the world that live in the mountains of China.（3）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例： The desk isthe second thing that I have made. .（4）先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。例： This isthe best bookthat I have read this year.（5）先行词既包括人又包括物时。例： He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2. 只用 which 不用 that 的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从中。例: The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.（2）定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例： The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.定语从句练习1. Yesterday Li Ming went to the village he visited five years ago.A. whereB. whoC. that2. The girl is reading is my sisterA. whoB. whomC. which3. They like to live in a house is not very big but bright and comfortable .A. thatB. whoC. what4. When she got home, the first thing she did was to clean the house.A. whichB. whatC. that5. Running man is a very relaxing TV program is hot among the young people.A. whatB. whichC. who6. The photo taken by my brother last week is very nice.A. which wereB. that wereC. which was7. China has the worlds long-esspteedhiragihlway we are proud of.A. thatB. whichC. what8. Those people and exciting stories happened in the movie are well worth learning to us.A. whichB. whoC. that9. I dont like those talk much but do little.A. whoB. whoseC. which10. - Dad, Im hungry. Do we have anything to eat?- You can have some bread from the supermarket. Its on the table.A. which I am buyingB. that I will buyC. that I bought11. - What are you going to do this summer vacation?- Im going to start a club to help students not interested in schoolwork.A. who isB. that isC. who are12. - Dont eat too much junk food.- Youre right. However, I do like the food tastes good.A. thatB. whatC. when13. - Hi, Kimmy. Do you know Jam Hsiao?- Sure. He is a popular singer comes from Taiwan.A. whoB. whichC. Whom14. I walked in our garden, Tom and Jim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees.A. whichB. whereC. that15. I can think of many cases （例子） students obviously （明显地） knew a lot of English words andexpressions （表达） but couldnt write a good essay （文章）.A. why B. which C. where16. - Why does she always ask you for help?- There is no one else , is there?A. who to turn toB. she can turn toC. for whom to turn17. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, the sailing time was 226 days.A. of whichB. during whichC. from which18. Alec asked the policeman he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with himB. whoC. with whom19. The sun heats the earth, makes it possible to grow crops.A. whichB. thatC. where20. Is this the factory you visited last week?A. whereB. whichC. when宾语从句一. 宾语从句的分类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词， 宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，没有实在的意义，在口语和 非正式文体中常常省略。例：He knew (that) he should work hard.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等和连接副词when, where, why, how等引导的宾语从句。这 些连接代词和连接副词起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。例： I wonderwhere he got so much money.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解， 在口语中多用if。例： He asked me whether ( if ) I could help him.二. 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述