英文原文The Achievements on the Technology of the Pressure VesselsAbstractRecently European and U.S have issued their pressure equipment codes. Especially in the pressure vessel code, The EN 13445 from European and the ASME VIII-2 2007 from U.S significantly changed the technical contents and hand out the new design model and the methods on the foundation of a grand scale research. Key Words Pressure Vessels Technology ProgressA. IntroductionNow the whole world has entered a period of economy globalization. Standard internationalization is an inexorable trend of economic globalization. The characteristics of development trend of current standard technology are as follows:1. Design method against failure mode;2. Widely application of computer technology;3. More economic construction methods;4. Technical specification which reflected comprehensive construction technology;5. More wide application range of product specification.6. To seek national competitive capacity in international trade.B. Development in Pressure Vessel Design Technology1. Technology Development in Materials Used for Pressure VesselsIn recent years, It is obvious, that the pressure vessel products are getting larger and larger and with high technical references. Nowadays, the main research achievement and technical progress in pressure vessel materials are as follows:2. Development in Design TechnologyModern structure design for pressure vessel is getting rid of the traditional concept step by step, to reflect the design concept with can satisfy technology requirement. In the view of failure mode, under the prerequisite of safety, actual result, safety and economic benefit are combined harmoniously. (1)Design Method in Accordance With Failure Mode: Synthesizing the technical standard of main industrial countries in the world, consulting the content of European standards, the international standard ISO 16528 classifies the common failure modes of boilers and pressure vessels into 3 classes and 14 kinds, that clearly defines the design technical application concept against failure modes:Short term failure modes:l Brittle fracturel Ductile rupturel Leakage at joints due to excessive deformationsl Crack formation or ductile tearing due to excessive local strainsl Instability elastic, plastic or elastic-plasticLong term failure modes:l Creep Rupturel Creep - excessive deformations at mechanical joints or resulting in unacceptable transfer of loadl Creep instabilityl Erosion, corrosionl Environmentally assisted cracking e.g. stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen induced cracking, etcCyclic failure modes:l Progressive plastic deformationl Alternating plasticityl Fatigue under elastic strains (medium and high cycle fatigue) or under elastic-plastic strains (low cycle fatigue)For pressure equipment standard, at least the following failure modes must be considered in definition of design criterion and methods:l Brittle fracturel Ductile rupturel Leakage at jointsl Elastic or plastic instability (2)Complicate Constitutive Relationship and StructureAlong with the rapid development of computer capacity, now the pressure vessel design technology already can solve the problems about very complicate constitutive relationship or engineering with complicate structure. such as:l Materials with different specification in different direction: composite materials, fiber winding pressure equipment;l Combined structure analysis design: closed structure combined by flanges, gaskets and bolts, contact of multilaminate shells; l Buckling and back buckling of complicate structure: stability analysis of large poles and combined structure of shell; l Dynamic response of combined structure: earthquake response, piping vibration fluid inducting vibration, etc. (3) Large-Scale Numerical Value AnalysisTraditional computer aided design (CAD) has already transited into Computer aided engineering (CAE) step by step. (4) Analysis of Multi-Physical Field CouplingFor modern pressure equipment, the interaction between fluid and solid must be solved exactly, at the same time, thermal analysis and impact analysis are indispensable technical methods. Therefore, the following problems must be solved too:l Coupling of fluid and solid: large vessels, transportation tanks, flowing inside pipingl Multi phase flowing: boiler combustion, combustion and reflection of fluidized bed l Heat transfer and medium: plate heat exchanger, efficiency of column plate, efficiency of distributor.l Impact load: water-hammer phenomenon, impact(5) Method to Change Safety CoefficientIn order to increase the competition of home made products, it is a universal trend for countries and regions all over the world to decrease the safety coefficient. The US standard (ASME) and European unified standard for pressure vessels (under making) also decreased relative safety coefficient. In ASME Code Sec.