定语从句句型图解方法及其分类正误例析湖北省麻城市第三中学 尹继友一、定语从句句型图解高一，高二我们学习了定语从句，高三我想采用句型图解法在大家理解了定语从句的定义、结构和用法的基础上进一步揭示其结构和位置，展示一下关系词（who, whom, which, that, when, where, why, as）在从句中的功能，并通过大量的纠错练习以帮助中学生巩固和运用。图解一. 1）_ 先行词关系代词（who/ which/ that 主语） + 谓语 主 句 定 语 从 句例如：This is the boy who won the first prize the day before yesterday.(NSEFCB1AP.36) The squirrel is a good animal which makes secret food stores for the winter.(NSEFCB2AP.77) Do you know the comrade that gave us a lecture last time? 2) _ 关代（who/ which/ that 主 ） + 谓 _ 主 定 语 从 句 句例如：The boy that/ who helped me is my elder brother. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Anyone who refused to bow was thrown into prison.提示： 关系代词作 主语时不可省略， who指人， which指物， that指人和物。图解二. _ 先行词关代（whom/ which/ that 宾语 ） + 主 + 谓（vt. ） 主句 定 语 从 句例如：She is the teacher whom we all like/ respect. Here is the pen which I lost yesterday. They seemed to be eating something which they had cooked on the fire. You should not judge a stranger always by the clothes that he wears. 提示： 关系代词 作从句的宾语时常可省略。 先行词指物时可选用which或that但先行词是不定代词all, no, much, little, few, everything, nothing, anything等或被它们所修饰时； 先行词被顺序数词和形容词最高级修饰时； 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时可用that。例如：Is there anything that I can do for you in town?That is all that I know.We were interested in everything that we had seen.There is no difficulty that we cannot smooth away.This is one of the most exciting films that I have ever seen.The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.This is the very book that I want to find.That is the only thing that we can do at the very moment. My father and Mr. Crossett talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school.图解三. _ 先行词whose + 名词 （ 主 ） + 谓 主句 定语从句例如：Xiao Li is the student whose home caught fire last night. He lives in the house whose window faces south . (the window of which faces south ) That is the girl whose mother is our English teacher.图解四. _ which/ that (whom ) + 主 + 谓 + 介 （ 介 + which/ whom + 主 + 谓 ） 主句 定 语 从 句 定从例如： This is the house which( that)Comrade Li once lived and worked in . That is the school which he once studied in. The person is the manager to whom I spoke just now. Dont bring the children to see the animals of which they are afraid. The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and idioms.图解五： _ when/ where/ why (状语 ) + 主 + 谓 （ vi. ） 主 句 定 语 从 句例如：I do not know the exact time when the school meet will take place. This is the school where he once came for a parents meeting. I do not know the reason why she cried out last night.提示：定语从句的谓语动词若为visit, spend, take, like, respect, remember, forget, find, regret,fix, spare,kill, waste等及物动词没带宾语时，应该选择关系代词which,that作宾语；如果有宾语，就应该选择关系副词where,when,why的了。例如：The Bird Net and the Water Cube, _(志愿者参观的) during a recent trip to Beijing, is one of Beijings tourist attraction.（visit）解析：答案为which volunteers visited。考查定语从句。Which 引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中作visited的宾语，代指The Bird Net and the Water Cube。图解六. _such/ the same先行词as( 主 / 宾 / 表语 ) + 或主 + 谓 + 或宾 主句 定 语 从句例如： We need such materials as can stand high temperature. Do not read such books as you cannot understand. I would like to buy the same dictionary as was used yesterday. He is not the same man as he was ( used to be ) . Mr. Yin is such an excellent teacher that we all respect him very much.= Mr. Yin is such an excellent teacher as we all respect very much.二、定语从句分类正误例析定语从句是中学生英语学习中的难点之一。本文试图对他们学习该从句时常犯的错误作一归类，并略加分析，以期对他们学习有所裨益。一 成分重复类误： The factory where we worked there last year was built in 1968.正： The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968.析： 别忘记定语从句的关系词在从句中必定充当某一成分。误句中的关系副词where在从句中作状语用，意味：“在那工厂”，再用there就重复状语了，必须删去。又例如：Who is the man ( that ) you talked to him just now?应改为Who is the man that you talked to just now? (that在从句中作宾语用，意味“那个人”。him是多余的。 )二 关系词用错类误： This is the right bookstore where we are looking for.正： This is the right bookstore which we are looking for.析： 要弄清各个关系词在从句中所充当的成分。误句中的关系词应指bookstore, 在从句中作look for的宾语，而where在从句中只能作状语，因而是错误的。故关系副词where应改为关系代词which。又:例如：This is the boy whom was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday.应改为This is the boy who was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday. (关系代词在从句作主语用，应把whom改为who 。)三 主谓矛盾类误： Can you show me the book which have been translated