精选文档高中化学方程式大全一金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性2Na+H22NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）+2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H23223+2NH+H22Na+2NH=2NaNH+H2Na+2NH=2Na4Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O2MgOMg+SMgS22Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只好由单质制备)Mg+2H22+H2OMg(OH)2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H22S=MgS+HMg+H242+2+4(Mg+2H=Mg+H2)SO=MgSO+H2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐）4Al+3MnO2Al2O+3Mn2Al+CrOAl2O+2Cr(铝热反应)232332Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe+3+2Al+6HCl=2AlCl322Al+6H=2Al+3H2+3H2424322Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3HSO=Al(SO)+3H24浓)=Al24322O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H243中钝化)2Al+6HSO(SO)+3SO+6HSO,HNOAl+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)32+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O+NO+2HOAl+4H2+2H2222Al+2OHO=2AlO+3H22Al+2NaOH+2HO=2NaAlO+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO(炼钢过程)Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl22+2+Fe+2H=Fe+H2+HFe+CuCl222+=Fe2+Cu=FeCl+CuFe+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不可以把四氯化锡完整还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+SnFe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性:222+2HO4HCl(浓)+MnOMnCl+Cl2+2Cl+MnO22+Cl22O4HMn+2H2PbCl2+Cl22O4HCl(浓)+PbO+2H+2Cl+PbO22+Cl22O4HPb+2H4HCl(g)+O22Cl22+2HO16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O+10Cl-2+2O16H+2MnO4=2Mn+5Cl2+8H6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O+23+O14H+6Cl+CrO=2Cr+5Cl2+7H2722H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不可以共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不可以共存)22(足量)2SO2222(少许)2S+2H2O2HS+3O+2HO2HS+O222224(浓)=S+SO222HS+SO=3S+2HOHS+HSO+2HO3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O+2+5H2S+2MnO4+6H=2Mn+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOHH2222+SO2+OHS+4NaO+2HO=8Na+42NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2HONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O2(纯氧)2N22催化剂33224NH+3O+6HO4NH+5O4NO+6HO32O(用氨除去NO)4NH+6NO=5N+6H2NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2(生氢剂)+NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕琢）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)2+H2S+Cu=CuS+2HH2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HCl2+H2S+Hg=HgS+2HH2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3(铅试纸检验空气中H2S)2+H2S+Pb=PbS+2HH2S+2Ag=AgS+H2(银器在空气中变黑的原由)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX=NH4X(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）+-NH3+H2S=NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4+HS4、不稳固性：2HFH+F2HClH+Cl22HO2H+O2222222HO=2HO+OHSH+S催化剂+3H2NH2222223N222HIH2+I2四非金属氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、廉价态的还原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）催化剂2SO2+O2加热2SO3SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO22224222+2Cl+SO+2Cl+Cl+2HO=HSO+2HCl+SO+2HO=4H4SO22224222+SO42+2Br+Br+2HO=HSO+2HBrBr+SO+2HO=4HSO22224222+42+2I