2022年职称英语考试综合类课堂笔记八十六The only way is up Think of a modern city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities dont permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers. When people gather together in cites, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards. The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home. Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift or elecator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them before selling the idea to architects and builders. A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would juts be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to the that with humans is in observing them in lifts. “It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us and you just cant choose to move away.”says workplace psychologist, Gray Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the corners. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a corner taking notes. Dont worry about them. They are probably from a university.1. “.these are cities concerned with the past”in the first paragraph refer to cities that _. A) are worried about their past.B) Have a glorious past to be proud of.C) Want to maintain their traditional image.D) Are very interested in their own history. 2. The difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies in _.A) the shortage of moneyB) the lack of a device to carry people upwardC) the backward technologyD) mountains taking up land space 3. When Otis came up with the idea of a lift, _.A) he sold it to the architects and builders immediately.B) The Egyptians used it to build the Pyramids.C) It was accepted favorably by the public.D) Most people had doubt about its safety. 4. Which of the following best describes the experience of going in a lift now?A) FascinatingB) UninterestingC) FrighteningD) Exciting 5. Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behavior because _.A) here humans behave the way animals doB) people in a lift are all scaredC) here some people take notedD) in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks