第1讲名词和数词全国卷考情分析题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)2(2018全国卷)This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3(2018全国卷)Im a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.1.给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2不同词性和词形之间的相互变化。考点一名词的数单句语法填空1(2019福州四校联考)I have noticed how the music can change ones view, and I am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their_(able) to provide this music for their audience.abilities考查词性转换。根据空前的their可知，空处应用名词形式，且ability作“能力”讲时为可数名词，结合语境可知，应用其复数形式，故填abilities。to the best of ones ability “竭尽全力”。2(2019沈阳质量监测一)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new_(invent)”highspeed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.inventions考查名词和名词的数。前面有four great new修饰，故用其对应名词的复数形式，故填inventions。3(2019陕西质量检测一)Like many other_(university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise_(donate), but as you can predict, they often came back with their hands empty.universities考查名词的复数形式。句意：和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，此处表示“其他许多大学”，故用其复数形式。donation(s)考查名词。句意：学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款，但正如你所能预测的，他们经常空手而归。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知，空处作此及物动词的宾语，故用名词形式。名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。(一)名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况加smapmaps；girlgirls；househouses；mouthmouths以s，x，sh，ch结尾的加esclassclasses；boxboxes；brushbrushes；matchmatches，但是stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen“辅音字母y”结尾的变y为i加escitycities；countrycountries；partyparties；factoryfactories，注意：以元音字母y结尾的则直接加s，如boyboys；toytoys以o结尾的名词许多加estomatotomatoes；potatopotatoes；heroheroes；NegroNegroes；mangomangoes；volcanovolcanoes；zerozeroes/zeros但是，以下这些以o结尾的名词复数直接加s：radioradios；zoozoos；bamboobamboos；pianopianos；kilokilos；photophotos以f，fe结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加eshalfhalves；leafleaves；shelfshelves；thiefthieves；wolfwolves；wifewives；lifelives；knifeknives。但是也有的直接加s，如roofroofs；chiefchiefs；handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sonsinlaw女婿；passersby过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；gobetweens中介人；grownups成年人(二)名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词特殊变化childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousemice；manmen；womanwomen注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是men和women，如an Englishmantwo Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，means集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数people，police，cattle有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)bacteria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)phenomena(复数)二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝change零钱(注：作“变化”讲时为可数名词)2.抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honor荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事情3.物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)papers(证件，论文) custom(风俗习惯)customs(海关)arm(胳膊)arms(武器，装备)air(空气)airs(摆架子，装腔作势)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)sands(沙滩，沙漠)water(水)waters(水域，水体)time(时间)times(时代)wood(木头，木材)woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world.法国的酒在世界上是最好的。三、与名词有关的词形转化1名词后缀(t)ion表行为或状态；ment表行为或结果；er/or表人物；ist/ian表专家或从事的人；ice表性质，状态；dom表集体，领域或状态。2名词与形容词之间的转化“名词y”构成形容词。例如：rainrainy；cloudcloudy等。“名词ly”构成形容词。例如：friendfriendly；mothermotherly等。 “名词ish”构成形容词。例如：foolfoolish；childchildish等。“名词en”构成形容词。例如：goldgolden；woodwooden等。考点二名词的固定搭配和所有格单句语法填空1(2019江西五校第一次联考)In addition, the (hostess) cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.hostess考查名词所有格。这里指女主人的厨艺，应用名词所有格。2(2019河北石家庄二中联考)I would appreciate it if you could take me into_(consider). Looking forward to receiving your reply.consideration句意：如果你能考虑我， 我将不胜感激。盼望收到你的回复。介词into后需加名词形式。此处take.into consideration(考虑到)为固定短语。3(2019陕西检测一)What_(happy) should we find in reviewing the past，and what regrets?happiness考查词性转换。What修饰名词，所以happy应该变成名词形式。另外，根据“what regrets”也可以判断此处应用名词形式，故用名词happiness。一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“介词名词”和“动词名词介词”。常考的高频短语：1介词名词wit