IReview1. What is the Hofstede model of cultural pattern?2. What is high-context communication and what is low-context communication? How about the major differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Unit Four Language and CultureI. Warm UpPlease read the humorous dialogues on page 118, then try to translate them into Chinese. Can they be rendered in Chinese as humorous as the original?II. Language and Culture1. Read the article of “How Is Language Related to Culture”. What do you think is the relationship between language and culture?1) the relationship between language and culture: Culture and language are intertwined相互交错 and shape each other. It is impossible to separate the two. Language is not a matter of neutral codes and grammatical rules. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a message, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices. Thus, we have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase if we want to avoid attributing a very different meaning to it or interpret解释 it literally.2) Functions of language:e.g. questions: asking for information information questionsa lubricant 润滑剂 to move the conversation forward social questionsExamples: How are you?吃了吗?3) The meaning of the words comes out of the context, the cultural usage用法. Language reflects the environment in which we live.Example: self-introduction of Germans and Americans Language reflects cultural values.4) Problems: There are no such equivalents between languages, and we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our priorities优先顺序. Therefore to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.Examples: manana/tomorrowkinship terms 亲属称谓(E & C)p125-126 Sometimes different cultures use identical完全相同 words that have rather different meanings.Examples: administration, director, force majeure5) Language changes over time. Words and phrases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.6) A language, if spoken in different parts of the globe, ultimately will develop differently.Examples; pidgin Englishes2. Read the article of “Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin”. How does language reflect the culture?1) Language and culture are clearly fused混合; one reflects the other.2) Language-and-Culture: It is coined创造 by Byram and Morgan in 1994 in order to reflect the relationship between language and culture both unification 同一and separation.3) Language embodies体现 the products, perspectives, communities, and persons of a culture. Members of the culture have created the language to carry out all their cultural practices, to identify and organize all their cultural products, and to name the underlying cultural perspectives in all the various communities that comprise their culture. Language and cultural products:Many cultural products literature, tax codes, telephone directories, operating instructions, passports consist entirely of language.Language is a cultural product in and of itself. Language and cultural practices:Cultural practices almost always require language, the language of participation, such as speaking, listening, reading and writing.The social circumstances, the people involved, the topic, and a number of other factors influence the nature of the language used. Language and cultural perspectives:We use language to name and understand the perceptions, values, attitudes, and beliefs that govern our way of life. Though language, we make tacit perspectives explicit. Language and cultural communities:Communities develop distinct language to describe and carry out the particular practices and products associated with their group and its activities. Language and persons:Language, like culture, is not only collective but also personal. Each of us uses language in an idiosyncratic manner, based upon our background, experiences, social groups, our personal outlook, and our identity.3. Conclusion:(i) Language and Environment1) Language is an instrument. Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, in Chinese, we live in a 房子. In English, we live in a house.2) Language is even more an environment. It has as much to do with the philosophical哲学的 and political conditioning of a society as geography or climate. So, we can see that absolute color designations white, black, red, yellow are not merely inaccurate错误的不精确; they have become symbolic rather than descriptive.!Homework: Finish the exercises on page 124, try to analyse the different perceptions of colour terms.1. green; 2. brown; 3. blue; 4. white; 5. black; 6. yellow; 7. green; 8. red; 9. black; 10. blue, blue; 11. white; 12. red; 13. blue; 14. green; 15. yellow.(ii) Language and Culture!Homework: Sapir-Whorf Hypo