精心整理Understanding public policy 理解公共政策朱青整理chapter Policy analysisP1Definition of policy 公共政策定义i. Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.公共政策就是政府选择做与选择不做的事情；ii. Public policies may regulate behavior, organize bureaucracies, distribute benefits, or extract taxes-or all things at once.公共政策涉及调整个体行为、构建官僚体系、安排利益、征税、或者同事完成这些事务。P1-2 Policy expansion 政策扩张 Government growth 政府扩大 The new deal programs devised 罗斯福新政 The great depression大萧条 The national economy 国民经济 The great society programs 大社会打算 Economic downturn 经济滑坡 Regulatory activity 管制活动P3 图示指标What the Federal Government Does联邦政府职能 Defense国防 Social security and Medicare 社会保障和医疗保险 Interest on the national debt 国债的利息 Health 卫生保健 Welfare 社会福利 Transportation 交通运输 Education 教育 Natural resources and environment 自然资源和环境 Law enforcement 执法 Veterans 退伍军人 All other其他What state and local government do 州和地方政府职能 Education教育 Welfare 社会福利 Health and hospitals 保健和医疗 Highways 高速马路 Police and fire 治安和消防 Sanitation 卫生 Prisons 监狱 Natural resources and environment 自然资源和环境 All other 其他P4 Dependent variables 因变量 The independent variables 自变量 Determinants 确定性因素 Policy evaluation 政策评估P6 The difference between policy analysis and policy advocacy政策分析与政策建议的差异i. Policy advocacy requires the skills of rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and activism.政策建议须要修辞、劝服、组织与实践的技巧；ii. Policy analysis encourages scholars and students to attack critical policy issues with the tools of systematic inquiry.政策分析那么鼓舞学者运用系统探究的工具来探讨重要的政策问题。Translation policy analysis involves 政策分析内容i. A primary concern with explanation rather than prescription.政策分析主要关注的是政策的说明说明而不是提出政策建议；ii. A rigorous search for the causes and consequences of public policies.政策分析探究公共政策的缘由和结果；iii. An effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes and consequences of public policy and to accumulate reliable research findings of general relevance.政策分析还试图开展并检验关于公共政策因果的一般性命题，以及积累具有普遍意义的、牢靠的探究成果。P7-8The limitations of policy analysis公共政策的局限性 Limits on government power 政府权力的有限性 Disagreement over the problem 社会问题认定上的分歧 Subjectivity in interpretation 政策说明的主观性 Limitations on design of human research 人类探究设计的局限性 Complexity of human behavior 人类行为的困难性Translation Understanding public policy is both an art and a craft. It is an art because it requires insight, creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems and describing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and them in finding out whether these policies end up making things better or worse.公共政策分析既是一门艺术，也是一种技术。说它是一门艺术，是因为在社会问题确认、社会问题描述、政策方案设计和政策效果评估时，须要有洞察力、缔造力和想象力。Chapter 2 Models of politicsP11Definition of models for policy analysis 政策分析模型的定义A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of some aspect of the real world.模型是对现实世界某个方面进展简化的表现形式。 Conceptual models/word models 概念性的模型 Actual physical representation 真实物质表型形式Uses of models 模型的运用i. Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy简化并澄清我们对政治和公共政策的思索ii. Identify important aspects of policy problems 识别政策问题的重要方面iii. Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life通过关注政治生活的主要特征，促进我们相互之间的沟通iv. Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is important and what is unimportant指导我们更好地理解公共政策，鉴别重要与不重要的方面v. Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences说明公共政策并预料其结果Selected policy models Institutional model 制度主义模型 Process model 过程模型 Rational model 理性主义模型 Incremental model渐进主义模型 Group model 团体理论模型 Elite model 精英模型 Public choice model公共选择模型 Game theory model博弈论模型P14The policy process 政策过程i. Problem identification 问题确认 The identification of policy problems through demand from individuals and groups for government action.ii. Agenda setting 议程设定 Focusing the attention of the mass media and public officials on specific public problems to decide what will be decided.iii. Policy formulation 政策形成 The development of policy proposals by interest groups, White House staff, congressional committees, and think tanks. iv. Policy legitimating 政策合法化 The selection and enactment of polices through actions by Congress, the president, and the courts.v. Policy implementation 政策执行 The implementation of policies through government bureaucracies, public expenditures, regulations, and other activities of executive agencies.vi. Policy evaluation 政策评估 The evaluation of policies by government agencies themselves, outside consultants, the media, and the general public. 问题确认 通过公民对政府行为的要求来确认政策问题； 议程设定 特定的公共问题引起媒体和政府官员的关注，促使其被提上政策议程； 政策形成 由利益集团、白宫官员、国会议员和智囊团提出政策建