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第一节 动词的时态一、 一般现在时:1、 由when、as soon as、the minute、the moment、till、until等引起的时间状语从句,以及由if、unless、provided that等引起的条件状语从句经常用一般现在时态表达将来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。例:They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.2、 当表达普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,经常用一般现在时态。例:The earth is round.地球是圆的。二、 一般过去时:区分三个短语的用法:1、 used to do sth:过去经常做某事。2、 be/get used to doing sth:习惯做某事。3、 be used to do sth:被用于做某事。三、 一般将来时:1、 be to+动词原形:表达安排或计划好了的动作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.2、 be about to+动词原形:表达即将发生的动作。例:The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。3、 一些表达动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表达动作方向,如往来的动词,经常用现在进行时态表达按照安排将于将来发生的事情,这类动词常见的有如:start, go, leave, come, arrive等。例:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。四、 进行时态:重点区分when和while引起的时间状语的用法。When表达时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时”,主句多用进行时态;while引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“合法时”,该从句用进行时态。例:One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry.I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.五、现在完毕时:重点区分have(has)been to:某人去过某地,表达一种经历,强调状态,可以和once, twice, often, never, ever连用;Have(has) gone to:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。例:He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。六、过去完毕时:1、强调一个动作发生在此外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完毕时。2、It was the first/second/last time that,在该句型,that从句用过去完毕时态。七、将来完毕时:经常标志性地由by、by the time、by the end of引起一个表达将来时间段的时间状语,主句用将来完毕时态。第二节 感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构一、感官动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的感官动词有“五看二听一感觉”(see、watch、look、notice、observe;hear、listen to;feel),在积极语态中用动词原形或现在分词作宾补,如see sb do/doing sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be seen to do sth。二、使役动词的用法及其被动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有make、let、have,在积极语态中用动词原形做宾补,如make sb do sth,改为被动语态时则要加to,如sb be made to do sth, 两种形式都表达使/让某人做某事的意思。例:We were made to study hardy.我们被规定努力学习。三、英语中常考的句式结构一:sth need/ want/ require doing 某物需要(=sth need/want/require to be done)(此句式主语为物)例:My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理).四、英语中常考的句式结构二:have/get sth done 请/让别人做某事(have/get后接宾语为物)例:I have taken many photos. Im going to get the film developed.五、情态动词的被动语态,其构成为:情态动词+be+过去动词。例:The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。第三节 情态动词常见的情态动词有can、could;may、might;must、need;should;ought to,对于情态动词常考其两方面的内容,一是情态动词用于推测句型,二是情态动词用于虚拟语气(该部分的讲解放在虚拟语气)一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有: 1、Can/may do sth:表达对现在内容的也许性的推测; 2、Must do sth:表达对现在内容的肯定性的推测。二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型: 1、can/may have done sth:表达对过去内容的也许性; 2、must have done sth:表达对过去内容的肯定性的推测。例:1、Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.第四节 虚拟语气虚拟语气表达与客观事实相反的假设,由if虚拟条件从句和主句构成。一、虚拟语气的基本内容 根据虚拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所相应的时间不同,虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句与主句的谓语动词分别有三类构成形式: 假设类型If虚拟条件从句主句与现在事实相反Did/wereWould/should do与过去事实相反Had doneWould/should have done与将来事实也许相反Were to do/did/should doWould/should do例:1、I wouldnt talk that way if I were Peter. 2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost3、Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.5、Do you think there would be less conflict(战斗、斗争) in the world if all people spoke the same language.6、If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time.二、if的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构)在if虚拟条件从句中,假如谓语部分包含were,should,had等词,则可以把这些词放到主语前,省略if,构成虚拟语气的倒装结构。三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成当虚拟语气的if虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时间不一致时,要根据各自表达的时间采用相应的虚拟语气的构成形式。例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成在英语中存在一些动词,表达建议、命令、规定等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的that宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。这类常见的主观倾向性动词有“一坚持、二命令、三建议、五规定”,分别是:一坚持:insist 二命令:order、command 三建议:suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(建议、建议) 五规定:ask、demand、require、request、desire例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out.同时,假如在题干中出现上面这些主观倾向性动词的名词和形容词形式,题干中从句部分的谓语动词也要用should+动词原形,should可以省略。考试中常见的词汇有:order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,demand,request,desire,advisable,desirable。五、wish that和if only引导的虚拟语气的构成Wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感慨句都用虚拟语气来表达一种没有实现或无法实现的愿望,其中wish that句型往往翻译为:多么希望;if only表达的愿望较wish that更强烈,常翻译为但愿;要是就好了。两者的用法基本相同。两者的用法是:1、当表达与现在的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感慨句中谓语动词采用的形式是:did/were;2、当表达与过去的事实相反的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感慨句中谓语动词采用的形式是:had done;3、当表达未来一时很难实现的一种愿望时,wish that引导的宾语从句和if only引起的感慨句中谓语动词采用的形式是:would do。六、would rather引导的虚拟语气的构成Would rather的意思是“宁愿、宁可”其引导的宾语从句(一般省去that)通常用虚拟语气表达一种与事实相反的假设。我们可以假设A、B是两个人,通过牢记一下句式来记住其用法:1、A would rather B did sth:表达与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。2、A would rather B had done sth:表达与过去事实相反的一种假设七、It is (high) time that句型中虚拟语气的构成 It is (high) time that句型表达“早该是的时候
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