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生词处理 在阅读时碰上生词或记不清楚的词汇。可以通过上下文猜测词义。具体方法如下: (1) 运用构词法判断生词的词义,也是提高阅读速度的一种技巧。考生可以通过已知的 词缀(包括前缀和后缀)和词根就能猜测生词的含义。例如,单词telescope由前缀tele (意思是far)和scope (意思是instrument for seeing or observing)构成,整个单词的意思是“望远镜”。为了熟练使用构词法知识猜测生词,考生在平时应多积累词缀以及词根方面的知识。 (2) 根据生词前后词汇的意思或整个句子的意思来猜测生词。例如: The old man put on his spectacles and began to read. 根据句子后部分began to read可以猜出spectacle的意思为“眼镜”。 (3)根据语法知识和标点符号来猜测生词。例如: They will be on the night shift-from midnight to 6 a. m. -next week. 此句两个破折号之间的部分表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 (4) 根据说明词义的定语从句来猜测生词。例如: The type of meter is called multi-meter, which is used to measure electricity. 从上句中的定语从句可以推断出multi-meter是“万能表”的意思。 (5) 根据已知事实细节来猜测生词。例如: The family had just moved and the young woman was feeling a little melancholy on that Sunday in May. After all, it was Mothers day and 800 miles separated her from her parents in another state far away. 根据上下文的陈述,“刚刚搬家,远离父母,正好是星期天,又是母亲节,而两代人却天各一方”等事实,可以推断出年轻妻子当时忧郁、伤感的心情,并由此猜测出生词melancholy的意思。 (6) 同义定义: 为了便于读者理解,作者有时会对文中的生僻词直接给出定义。在下定义时,作者常使用一些信号词, 如:is/are(called),means,can be defined as,refer to,is/are known as,signify等,例:Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.或标点符号,如,()等,例:Multiplexing transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channelincreases the efficiency of radio channels. 有时,作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义,例:the types we find among the vertebrates,or backboned animals.(7) 近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用,我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例:Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.(8) 反义对照在表示对照的上下文中,常包含有意义相反的词语或概念,这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索,帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号 词:although,but,however,though,whereas,while,yet,on the contrary,on the other hand等。例:Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools,but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.(9) 比较举例:上下文中的比较和举例,能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性,我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例:You can borrow these periodicals from the library: Nature, News Week or the Listener.Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.(10) 因果时间: 因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系,在利用上下文推测词义时,这些关系也至关重要。例:Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.阅读中利用信号词进行预测和推测 在阅读过程中,为了既迅速又准确地理解文章的含义,利用信号词预测非常重要。信号词可以揭示句子内在关系或文章各部分之间的关系(见下表)。特别是在快速阅读时,它能帮助考生预测文章信息,提高阅读速度。 部分信号词及其所预示的信息 however, on the contrary, although等信号词引出的内容是与上文相反的论述,或作者不同的观点 similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等 下文与前面所讲内容相同或相似 for example, for instance等 具体例证,说明上文中的论点 for one thing, on the other hand等 下文还有另外一方面 in a word, in short等 后面的句子是对上文的总结 actually, in fact, the point is , a study survey found/ showed/proved that 等 后面的句子往往是作者想要表达和强调的内容或观点 此外,在利用信号词进行预测时,考生还需注意以下三点: (1) 遇到预示前后内容相同或相近,或者补充说明的信号词时,可以适当加快阅读速度,或借此推测生词的词义。 (2) 文中出现的频率较高的实词可以帮助考生确定文章的主旨大意。 (3) 出现代词I, we, my, our, 转折词but, however, yet,情态动词must, should, ought to, 连词although, though。其后所述内容与刚提到的内容相反,或暗示作者的观点和态度等信号词时,要放慢阅读速度,因为其附近的信息往往是命题和答题的主要线索或依据。
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