第三节 句子概述一、 句子的特征：句子是含有主语和谓语的有一定意义的一组词。1、 句子必须具有完整的意义、一定的句型结构和一定的语调。2、 句子末尾必须有句子结束的标志：包括句号“.”（不是“。”）问号“?”或感叹号“!”3、 句子开头的第一个字母必须大写。（专有名词在任何位置都大写）4、 完整句子之间不用逗号间隔。并列句用连词连接两个（或以上）句子，用逗号也必须加连词，或用“;”分开；复合句中名词性从句的主句和从句之间不用逗号；非限制性定语从句用逗号分开，限制性定语从句不用；状语从句中从句在主句前，一般用逗号分开，从句在后，一般不用标点符号。二、 句子成分 英语中句子有七种句子成分：1、 主语（subject）是句子中所要说的人或事物，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少，位于句首。The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. (名词作主语)He sent me an E-mail last Friday. (代词作主语)It is a rule for my mother to go shopping on Sundays. (不定式短语作主语)Reading the texts aloud is especially important for Senior Three students. (动名词短语作主语)What the teacher said is very funny. (从句作主语)2、 谓语是说明主语的动作或状态，是句子的主要成分，不可缺少，在主语之后。They said nothing, looking coldly at the teacher in charge of the class. (及物动词作谓语)Classes begin at seven today, we must get up quickly. (不及物动词作谓语) We dont have classes at weekends after reducing learning load. (助动词 + 动词作谓语)I was really anxious. You shouldnt have left without a word. (情态动词 + 动词作谓语)The leaves have turned yellow in autumn. (联系动词 + 表语作谓语)3、 表语用在联系动词的后面，表示主语的身份、性质和特征，位于联系动词之后。Walt Disney was a famous cartoon-maker. （名词作表语）The days in summer are getting hotter and hotter these years. (形容词作表语)The computer in the room is hers. (代词作表语)My greatest wish is to enter Qinghua University. (不定式短语作表语)Her job is looking after the babies. （动名词短语作表语）The audience was moved by the moving play. (分词作表语)This is what I want to say. (从句作表语) 4、 宾语是及物动词涉及的对象，介词后面的对象也是宾语，称为介词宾语。宾语在及物动词或介词后面。 John doesnt like football but he likes music very much. （名词作宾语） Weve worked out a plan. But Im uncertain whether it will do in practice. （名词作介词的宾语）Tom is a kind man. He is always ready to help others. （代词作宾语）Stop reading and read after me, please. (动名词作宾语)I succeeded in persuading the teacher to give me a day off. (动名词短语作介词的宾语)Dont forget to turn off the lights when you leave the room. (不定式短语作宾语)The doctor did what he could to save the dying patient. (从句作宾语)5、 定语修饰或限制名词或代词。单词作定语，一般放在被修饰的词语之前；短语或从句作定语，一般放在修饰语之后。Grammar is not a set of dead rules. （形容词作定语）It is a coffee cup. （名词作定语）Our teachers hair has turned grey. （名词所有格作定语）My students corrected each others mistakes in their classroom. (代词作定语) Be quiet, boys and girls! I have something important to tell you. （不定式短语作定语） There is a sleeping chair before the window. （动名词作定语） I saw a sleeping baby in the room. There is a broken glass beside the bed. (分词作定语) The workers working in the department will go on holiday. (分词短语作定语) There are fifty-six students in our class. (数词作定语) The woman with a book in his hand is our English teacher. （with的复合结构作定语） The man to whom you spoke is my neighbour. （从句作定语） 6、 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语的位置比较灵活，修饰形容词或副词的状语一般放在被修饰的词之前（enough除外），修饰动词一般置于实意动词之前、联系动词之后、复合谓语中第一个动词之后，若有宾语，一般放在宾语之后。Our monitor studies hard. （副词作状语）They started early (in order) to get to the station on time. （不定式短语作目的状语）To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil. （目的状语放在句首更好）The old man lived to see the rapid development of our country. (不定式短语作结果状语)I dont know what to do next. (不定式的复合结构作状语)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语作状语） Looking out of the window, I saw many birds flying in the sky. (现在分词短语作状语)Mr Brown slept with the windows open. (with的复合结构作状语)Well go outing if it is fine tomorrow. （从句作状语）7、 宾语补足语补充说明宾语，使句子意思更加完整。当句子变成被动语态时则称为主语补足语。宾语补足语一般置于宾语之后。Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work. （名词作宾补）What he said made his father happy. （形容词作宾补） I asked Jim to attend my birthday party. （不定式短语作宾补） He made me do the work all by myself. (省略to的不定式短语作宾补) Dont have the horse running all the way. (现在分词作宾补) Ill go and get the chair repaired. (过去分词作宾补)第二章 简单句的六种基本句型第一节 主语（S）+ 谓语 (V)一、主谓结构：由 S + Vi .构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises.主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.二、用S + Vi. 结构连词成句。1 the Gulf War, in, break out, August, 1992.2 well, the book, sell.3 the foreign guest, tomorrow, leave.4 get up, Li Liang, every, day, at, six, this year.5 I, can, swim, well, at the age of seven.三、 用S + Vi. 结构扩写句子（至少写出三个句子）。Model: He works. He works in the shop where I used to work every day.1. Peter arrived._2. He dances._3. An old lady was walking._4. The boy will work hard._5. She cried._四、 用S + Vi.结构翻译下列句子。1、你应当努力学习。 2、那天早上我们谈了很多。 3、会议将持续两个小时。 4、在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 5、这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 6、该干点正事。