Lesson13 Britannia Rues the WavesI . 1)Britain is sorry that she has lost her dominance on the high seas. Britain was proud of being the lord of the sea for along time, but now she regrets that she no longer enjoys a naval supremacy. 2)Shipping is a major successful industry in Britain because it makes over l 000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings, which is of vital importance for the country. The reasons for the success are that the British ship-owners have put in big investment and that there has been a conference fixing prices to avoid cut-throat competition. 3)The stiff foreign competition comes from two main directions: from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries who are massively expanding their merchant navies and doing their best to step into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies, and from the merchant fleets of the developing countries, who are struggling to take over a big share of the trade between Europe and Africa, Asia and the Far East-routes over which Britain used to have a total dominance. 4)A conference is in fact a cartel, whose role is to fix prices for all the member nations and companies. 5)The oil-tanker fleets. 6)Because freight liners carry all sorts of different cargoes, so if there is a slump in one particular industry, they may depend on others and survive. 7)The Third World countries regard a merchant navy as a symbol of their national power and have expanded their fleets at an incredible rate. Yes, they are. 8)They turn to high-technology investment. Yes, they are for the time being. 9)On one hand, Russia wants to earn hard currencies, on the other, a deeper motive is that it desires to increase its sphere of influence in the world. 10)The major problems are the Soviet Unions massive expansion of its merchant navy and undercutting of Western shipping companies, and UNCTAD, which guarantees the developing countries a major slice of the shipping trade. The problems also show that the capitalist world is divided rather than united as one. 1)cutting their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies 2)who are determined to take the biggest share of the trade 3)Britain has important interests in these trade routes. 4) They make it more difficult to make a large amount of money when economic conditions are favorable. 5)But they make it easier to survive when economic conditions are unfavorable. 6)More and more oil tankers the world over lay idle. 7)Much of the fleet carries goods between foreign countries. 8)British companies are doing much business on the line between Japan and Australia. 9)Developing countries consider a merchant navy very important because it is a sign of their economic power, so after they have set up a national airline, the next thing they would like to have is a merchant fleet. 10)Neither the growth in Russias trade nor that in world trade would demand such a rapid development of Russias cargo-liner fleet. 11)These ships would certainly make it possible for she Soviet Union to exert its influence on countries far away from its territory. 12)When these smaller shipping companies go bankrupt, a big part of the few old industries that have been doing well and earning huge profits will close down. See the translation of the text.IV. 1)NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织(北约) 2)OASOrganization of American States美洲国家组织 3)OAUOrganization of African Unity非洲统一组织(非统) 4)ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations东南亚国家联盟(东盟) 5)OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织 6)SALTStrategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈 7)UNESCOUnited Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization联合国教科文组织 8)MIT-Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院 9)BBCBritish Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司 10)VIP-very important person重要人物 11)GMTGreenwich mean time格林威治平均时 12)GNPgross national product国民生产总值 13)KGBKomite Gossudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti(Committee of State Security)国家安全委员会(克格勃)(苏联) 14)ICBMintercontinental ballistic missile洲际弹道导弹 15)radarradio detecting and ranging雷达 16)laserlight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光V 1)the sea and shipping：merchant navy，merchant fleet, sea routes,the high seas，tonnage，shipowners，shipping companiesmerchant ships，shipping managers，sailing-shipssteam-ships，shipowners，shipping conference, shipbuilding boomshipping industry，oil-tanker fleet, charter rates，tankers，bulk carriers，dry cargo，bulkcarrier fleetshipping sectors，freightliner services，liner freight vessels，agreed routes，ports, shipment, liner ship，freight rate，cargoliner fleet，sealanes，shipping fleet，shipping lines 2)economy and trade：foreign exchange，balance of payments，in deficit，shipping trade，undercut，invest，grant tax concessions，co