Unit 1 Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is. The word science comes to us from a Latin word, scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.Science is also called natural science to distinguish it from other branches of learning. Science is concerned with nature, that is, with knowledge of the characteristics and operations of any and all natural things and happenings. Science embraces all of nature, and expresses our best ideas of how natural phenomena are related to each other and are to be formed into what is called the universe. Science has many characteristics, and to understand what science is requires a detailed examination of these properties and peculiarities. A number of writers have asserted that science is really only a method the scientific method. Such a definition is an oversimplification, but it is certain that the science method plays an important role in determining the nature of scientific knowledge.Unit 3Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim is hardly believable. It is almost impossible not to read advertisements these days. Just think what fun they often provide! Imagine what a bus and railway station would be like without advertisements? Would you enjoy gazing helplessly at a bank wall while waiting for a bus or train? Would you like to read a daily paper closely-printed with columns of news? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, radio or television stations could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper can enjoy so many programs on air is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! Another thing we mustnt forget is the “small ads” which are in virtually every newspaper. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about everything can be accomplished through these columns, for instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death. Its the advertisement among the advertisements.Unit fourFew great names in music spell as much magic to the average concert-goer as that of Tachaikowsky. In almost every musical from will be found a work of his ranking high in popularity. And quite deservedly so. Tschaikowskys music is filled with a warm humanity and stirring drama. The themes and feeling are easy to grasp. The personal, intimate note is so strong in this music that we find it natural, while listening to the Pathetic Symphony or the Nutcracker Ballet Suite, for example, to share Tschaikowskys joys and sorrows. His music seems to take us into his confidence and show us the secret places of his heart. Although Tschaikowskys range of moods is widefrom the whimsical play of light fantasy to stormy outcries of anguishessentially he was a melancholy man, in his music as in his life. Perhaps it is the genuineness of his music in conveying strong emotions and suffering that has drawn millions to his symphonies and concertos. A frank sincerity and warm-heartedness flow from his music. The best of his melodies linger hauntingly in the mind and heart. As long as sincere feeling expressed in sincere artistic from can move the hearts of men, Tschaikowskys music will continue to hold a high place in the concert hall and opera house.Only Beethoven and Mozart can rival Tschaikowsky in the number of compositions in various musical forms that stands out as repertory favorites. Tschaikowskys violin concerto is as much a “request” item as Beethovens. The Pathetic Symphony ranks with the three or four enduring favorites of the repertory. Tschaikowskys Nutcracker ballet is probably the most popular suite of its kind in music.Unit six Emphasis on “practicalities” is being characterized by the subordination of the social sciences to the natural sciences. History is seen not as essential experience to be transmitted to new generations, but as abstractions that carry st