高中英语语法 高考复习/学习专题讲义英语动词时态与现在完成时连用的10类标志（短语，单词）知识点总结现在完成时是英语中一个非常重要的时态，也是较难掌握的时态之一。本文归纳了10类通常使用现在完成时的标志性词语或结构，希望对大家有所帮助。标志一：sincesince无论是用作介词、连词还是副词，它通常都与现在完成时连用。如：Great changes have taken place here since 1978.自1978年以来这里发生了巨大的变化。(since为介词)Charles has worked hard since leaving school.自从离开学校以来查尔斯工作一直很努力。(since为介词)You havent changed much since we last met.自从上次我们见面以来，你变化不大。(since为连词)Her reading has improved greatly since she changed schools.自从她转校以来，她的阅读水平提高了很多。(since为连词)He left school in 1983.I havent seen him since.他1983年离开学校。打那时起我一直没见过他。(since为副词)She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper.她去年五月到伦敦，此后一直在报社工作。(since为副词)【几点说明】1.表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：It is =has been ten years since he left here.他离开这儿已10年了。How long is it since you arrived?你到来多久了?2.对于某些表示状态(如seem等)的动词，或因句义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比用现在完成时更合适。如：It seems like years since we last met.我们似乎几年未见面了。Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48?从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了?3.若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时。比较：He hasnt eaten anything since Tuesday.自星期二以来他一直未吃东西。(指从星期二到现在未吃东西)Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)标志二：in the last five years类似于in the last five years的时间状语，它若表示从现在算起的过去一段时间内，通常要与现在完成时连用。如：The house has changed hands three times in the last two years.在过去两年中，这栋房子已转手三次。This company has come a long way in the last five years.最近五年这个公司已经前进了一大步。Is that the sum of what youve done in the last two years?这就是你最近两年中完成的全部数量吗?【注】其中的介词in有时也可换成for, during, over, within等，有时也可省去。如：I have been here for the last two weeks.最近两周我一直在这里。Over the last few years, prices have fallen sharply.在过去的几年中，价格已急剧下降了。My business has decreased during the last two months.最近两个月内，我的生意减少了。另外，若不是表示从现在算起的过去一段时间，则不用现在完成时。如：Jim managed two goals in the last ten minutes.在最后的10分钟内，吉姆设法得了两分。【比较】I didnt see much of Harry in the last months.在最后的几个月中，我很少看见哈里。I havent seen much of Harry in the last months.在最近的几个月中，我很少看见哈里。标志三：in the past five years类似于in the past five years的时间状语，它表示从现在算起的过去一段时间，因此通常要与现在完成时连用。如：Ive seen little of her in the past few weeks.近几周我很少见到她。Weve planted thousands of trees in the past five years.过去五年我们种了成千上万棵树。Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years.人口在过去25年内增加了200%。【注】其中的介词in有时也可换成for, during, over, within等，有时也可省去。如：Hes been in a coma for the past six weeks.在过去的六个星期中，他一直昏迷不醒。People have changed their diets a lot over the past few years.在过去的几年中，人们的饮食习惯已改变了很大。Within the past few minutes, the President has issued a statement.在过去的几分钟里，总统发表了一项声明。另外，有时可能用含有情态动词的完成式。如：I must have slept three hours in the past day and a half.在过去的一天半时间里，我肯定只睡了三个小时。标志四：over the yearsover the years的意思是“这些年来”“经过这么多年之后”“最近几年”，通常表示的是从现在算起的过去几年，因此通常与现在完成时连用。如：Shes brought us so much happiness over the years.这些年来，她给我们带来了不少的幸福。Weve had a few arguments over the years, but in general we get on very well.最近几年来，我们争吵过几次，但总的说来，我们相处得很好。Womens social status hasnt changed much over the years.这些年来妇女的社会地位没有多大改变。Over the years Ive learnt to remember how to survive, and how to forget pain.这些年来，我已经学会了记住怎样挣扎求生和怎样忘却痛苦。【注】当不强调对现在的影响时，该短语有时也可与一般过去时或过去完成时连用。如：Over the years, her love for him deepened.在过去的几年中，她对他的爱进一步加深了。Shed suffered terribly over the years but it hadnt made her bitter.她在过去的几年中吃了不少苦，但这并没有让她产生怨恨。有时over the years还可表示在将来的几年中，此时可与将来时态连用。如：The brickwork will mellow over the years so that it blends with the surroundings.再过几年，这砖墙将会变柔和，这样它就会与周围的环境和谐一致了。标志五：so far当so far表示“到目前为止”时，它指的是从过去某时持续到现在的一段时间，因此通常与现在完成时连用。如：So far there has been no bad news.到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。We agreed to meet here but so far he hasnt turned up yet.我们讲好在这里见面的，但到目前为止他还没有来。So far the work has been easy, but things may change.到目前为止，这工作很容易，但情况可能有变化。Thankfully, the land has so far escaped being developed.谢天谢地，至今这块土地尚未开发过。【注】当so far表示“到这种程度或范围”时，则不一定与现在完成时连用，而是可以根据情况选用时态。如：I can only help him so far.我只能帮他到这种程度。标志六：up to nowup to now的意思是“到现在为此”，指从过去持续到现在的一段时间，通常与现在完成时连用。如：Up to now hes been quiet.他直到此刻仍保持沉默。Her life has run smoothly up to now.她的生活到目前仍一帆风顺。Up to now, the work has been easy.到现在为止这工作还算容易。标志七：until nowuntil now的意思是“直到现在（为止）”，表示从过去某时持续到现在的一段时间，通常与现在完成时连用。如：Until now I have always lived alone.我一直独自生活至今。Until now the President has shut his eyes to this problem.总统至今仍对这个问题视而不见。【注】以下两句中的until now比较特殊，因为其中的until与前面的“否定”构成了类似于notuntil（直到才）这样的句式，此时，句子通常用一般过去时。如：I was unaware of his existence until now.现在我才知道有他这么个人。I never realized I loved you until now.我至今才意识到我爱你。另外，until有两个意思，一是表示“到为止”，二是表示“在以前”，所以until now除表示“到现在为止”外，有时还可表示“在此之前”（即过去），此时它可与一般过去时连用。如：Until now I thought that this sort of accident was the owners fault but now I know differently.过去我一直认为这类事故是车主的过错，但现在我有了不同看法。标志八：Its the first time thatIts the first second, third time that的意思是“这是第一次（第二次、第三次）做某事”。句首的it有时也可换成this, that等。如：I