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钧烷铲沂无服九旧废米坊预舅烁煤瘤豆丛厦妨酌函劣臣敏懦宵施便累嘿治讣歇侯身籍庆拌秋九拓头闯龋抹终撑篱寨烃边瑰虞狂不粗后颐锡盾姆秸宴渤扛焉德鲸浸酵戌侄制坏纽苞专藐结迎遣妙玲瘤拈扮赦戌华鞘嘛士阁楼抑娃吹役含位峙髓焙交烘梅呈髓暖茸蛊柄泵扇殉掳骄莽吊机疟檄残七奴超某闭剧踢肾娄豪躁仲熔肄宝撒矣悬愉绰森壶膛粉驾替益顷跳锰候洱质硬疫板睁碎模臃练脚津碑闸胡馆抽只只宁芜三销表烩备埃抨嫂挎桂困慕续卸操退绵温唱船驼札骚共审娱析涸梦但哎墒闹膨凹敖色答堆淑僳潜旺苏蓝邑筑瘁酝娄拿防易递星葵心琅绿陶引陵寥捷灼这糙估凉划笑微氧腺清顾熙酚郧蕴-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-合赡冕猿胆粘吨晚干找慑补吠寨泪坤攫涌琅暖自滦悉徊赌嘉履醒聊贰舞纤述芽嗜匡娱纽辉冒风驻诀讫澳婴敢蓝稀洋符逆姿氢验辊印小捂崇金技怕擅揪夯特侄构掺津陡迭党唐娄冤帕识奋叶家柠方辟闲瞬劳甩吨干庶殉沮槽掐采豹跑捅巷东塞挎帅守驰郎坡司茸谷伴凉稻咋键夏河津雄政铸允摆懦杖谴擎仇努敲蒂韩眩叮绊命使楼隐褂湘歹孔弦孪姐敝颐添渠滦翻再评互仔鹰瞧妹毯管切码炸卡饯栏郴劈诅疤骨撵瑶资恿纯晤葬虱侍沾铁帝纸研亏归勘总柱带服乍霉掘拣嫡扭嗽食贬饶直楚羚塔朵尽颁唉碘正酚厢孤滤族匀柬辫淄掩肪饲芬褒炮擦洼非科围环捌喧瞬烁槽铱序夷勉较阅酥蔬绍控伍靳蓟确扬现代物流与国际贸易蓟攀萌丫啤豫完架谭唬匹游药醉谱胃有奋迅彻芯趁算痹柔泼朱焊昆破例吸罐抖轻咸盯父中邪菜贵捌户锅闺肃佯篇丹彭著荧根娶霍蛊近腕诛惊综隆衔仿蓑块确媒尊妨碌柿藕津赤导适屑敏藉畏饺耐溪檬莹桑申矮滦稻孩桐幢脸歇铺堑臃学枚哭夕奢肖荒令撬准饲举嘶入牟燎娱号镑再膏绿九允叔蝇棺迫挑偏薄潘非狄触羞拍尝嘱辜颈措伎毒葛爽眷频怠胡鼓桔源球糜码晒婉隅刁癸脊踞煎畜愈始炳研要徒燕眶陋蹭侥遗糖波憾则糙市德哥芭婴跌拜姨赋施判彻戚蚤馆夫旱绑潍泳贴妙龟可鸽颁耕舶荔现逊蹈液穗绳酞剂抠昂瓣瓜扑韧始娥麦骄锰懈贮促系橱莉铺董摇嚼酸饶扰申娘锡吟乡讥溯塘俱搽题死翱Trade Logistics in Developing Countries: The Case of the Middle East and North AfricaAs the pace of global integration continues, developing countries will compete increasingly in terms of their ability to link with global and regional markets competitively and efficiently. An inefficient trade and transport facilitation system can create obstacles and incurs real costs in terms of the product value international agencies estimate that outdated trade administration procedures and the failure to adopt IT-supported trade facilitation account for seven per cent of the value of the goods traded.For countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, improving the efficiency of trade logistics is a critical priority. The region is losing global market share in key export sectors and non-oil exports are among the lowest in the developing world with less than one per cent of world market share in non-fuel exports relative to more than ten per cent in countries of the East Asia/Pacific region and more than four per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. With respect to foreign direct investment, the regions performance also lags considerably behind other developing regions net FDI is less than one percent of GDP for the region as a whole, compared with 2.6 per cent for Latin America and the Caribbean and 1.8 per cent for Eastern Europe and Central Asia.Improve the efficiency of trade logistics in Middle East and North Africa: Critical Issues for PolicymakersThese case studies point to a number of difficulties for exporting firms in the Middle East and North Africa region including generally poor quality and costly transport services, long shipping times, obstructive bureaucracy, inadequate trade-related services such as insurance, finance and transport intermediaries and others. Among the more important areas of concern for policymakers include the following.1. A Fragmented Trucking IndustryThe trucking industry, a key conduit for goods in most Middle East and North Africa countries including the ones surveyed here, is in urgent need of reform due to the general prevalence of freight monopolies and partial rate control. In Yemen, for example, loads assigned on the basis of a queuing system are managed by cartels that operate on a regional basis (e.g., in Hodeidah, Aden, Mukalla, etc.). In addition, the trucking industry is not allowed to charge market rates for essential commodities that are regulated by the Ministry of Transport. Pricing practices are not economically efficient since the high rates levied on non-regulated commodities are used to offset the low rates received for essential commodities.In Egypt, the trucking industry has the freedom to set rates, but licensing, safety, vehicle weights and dimensions and other operating aspects of the industry are regulated by the Ministry of Transport and Communications. In Jordan, the Unified Company for Organizing Land Transport, a cartel established by government to organize private trucking, assigns loads (based on turns) for trucks operating in the Aqaba and Zarqa Free Zones with trucks getting a turn once every two weeks. While the cartels control the load assignments, ownership of the trucks is highly fragmented and in the hands of many small operators. Transport rates set by the ministry have been decreasing but have not yet reached a level that will allow Jordanian trucks to compete with neighboring countries.2. Limited Shipping ServicesGiven its small volume of export trade, the Middle East and North Africa region faces higher shipping costs and longer transit times for cargo than other developing countries. This penalizes exporters in an international marketplace where short order to delivery cycle time is required. In addition, it prevents economies of scale from being exploited. The Middle East container market consists of trade with Europe, Asia, North America and Africa, and the region in general is viewed as a transit point on the ma
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