修辞技巧（Rhetorical Techniques）词义修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)明喻(Simile)He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。)在品尝家一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。)礼物一文中，老太太喜迎八十大寿，大女儿不来庆祝，只寄来一张支票。作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟，形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭，极度伤心的心情。暗喻(Metaphor)What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。. while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风，把赞扬比作温暖的阳光，生动形象，寓意隽永。转喻(Metonymy) 即借代, 是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻，以人名借代作品。Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者，我能打的第一张牌是，太阳和月亮的相似性。)文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据”，更加生动形象，浅显易懂，也使语言新鲜活泼，富有表现力Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation中把英语中的比喻分成四类，令人耳目一新 four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一类：有学生在作文中写出如下句子：In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 该句子被改为：While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中，写道：rain cats and dogs: To rain very hard; come down in torrents A clich. 美国朋友说: If you use this metaphor, I will doubt if you are my grandfathers uncle! 第二类：stock(常用的)这是指已被收入词典，但并不属于clich范畴的比喻。如：flood一词的用法。She was in a flood of tears. (她泪流如注。) The corridors were flooded with girls. (走廊里挤满了女孩子。) Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (草莓充斥市场，价格下跌。) 第三类的标准应该是：至少目前商未被收入词典，同时又让人接受，并感到新意扑面。如在一篇名为Rescue of A Newborn 中有三个句子：A. I focused on a small blob in the mud amid the columns of legs and trunks. B. I suddenly came upon a wall of feeding elephants. C. grabbed their lost baby and tugged her gently into a stockade of legs. 第四类：original这种比喻并非随处可见，唾手可得。它是灵感思维的产物。这种比喻在词典上无踪影可觅，而且连参照物可能也没有。如：Jeff Rennicke在A Promise of Spring 中开卷段是：Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air. 试译：白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹，只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮，是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿轻捷的身影，在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。拟人(Personification). four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, where they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落，它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作，作者给自然的花草赋予了生命，使它人格化。But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好。)house本来是没有感情的，作者通过拟人的手法，表现房子里人的冷漠无情。移就（transferred epithet）a sleepless night 将人的难眠移就于夜晚夸张(Hyperbole) Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢二十条，三十条，或许几百条。)此句中20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds就是运用了夸张的手法，主观地渲染了气氛。She gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.(她给我的印象是：她有一口洁白整齐的大牙，为数之多已超过任何实际需要。)在这里作者通过夸张的描述，使一个贪婪好吃的女性形象跃然纸上。低调（understatement）/曲言（litotes）If Saddam Hussein goes out of power, no tear is to be shed. (Everyone will be happy.)The only exercise he gets is from stretching when he yawns. (He gets too little exercise.)Environmental pollution is no small problem. (Environmental pollution is a big problem.) 反语(Irony)Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it (the cheque ) up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits. (老太太慢慢地弯下腰，把支票从地上捡起来，她的礼物，她的可爱的礼物！用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。)老太太八十岁寿辰那天，急切地盼望女儿回家看望她，稍稍安慰她那颗孤寂的心，然而盼来的却是女儿的一张冷冰冰的支票，这当然不是老人心爱的礼物。故此处her lovely present是典型的irony，是句反话。She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive.(她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说吸引人，不如说是令人难忘。)imposing意指因为外貌、形体而使人印象深刻，作者在此以讽刺挖苦的口吻来描述一个贪吃而肥胖的女人。矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron) A miserable, merry Christmas(悲喜交加的圣诞节)。圣诞节那天，故事主人公小男孩经历了从痛苦的边缘到幸福的顶峰的过程。因此，父母精心安排的圣诞节既是最糟的，又是最好的。隽语（Paradox）More haste, less speed is a paradox.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little. The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted. 委婉（Euphemism）economically disadvantaged (poor)DWI (drive while intoxicated)仿拟（Parody）Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesnt make perfect. (显然，在婚姻问题上，婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。)When flu hits below the belt, it can be a challenge to keep down anything more nourishing than tea and water. 词典对成语hits below the belt的通常解释是：用不正当手段打人, 指拳击中打对方的下身。(若流感影响到了肠胃，那就只能饮用点茶水，要吃下其他东西就非常困难了。)Little John was born with a silver spoon in a mouth, which was rather curly and large. 英语成语to be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth的含义是“出生在富贵之家”。这里，作者不用此引申义，而用字面意思。(小约翰嘴形弯曲，且大得出