大连交通大学信息工程学院2010届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Standards for Piezoelectric Ceramic MaterialsThis document details some of the standards related activities for piezoelectric materials, mainly bulk ceramic types. Standards related purely to quartz have been omitted, in order to limit the size of the task. The production of standards, particularly international ones, is a long and unrewarding business, and that they ever become standards is a tribute to the persistence of a small number of individuals. Consequently the existence or not of a standard in a particular area is not solely because of the need for such a standard, but is due to the concerted effort of these individuals. Also because of the need to keep documents current, if years after publication of a standard there is nobody prepared to maintain this document then there is a danger it will be withdrawn or cancelled. This situation is reflected in the piezoelectric materials standards area, where there are strong groups in Europe (CENELEC) and America (IEEE-UFFC), but some of the most quoted standards have recently been withdrawn ( IEEE 176-1987, IEEE 180-1986, MIL-STD 1376B (SH).Standards organisations with Piezoelectric related standardsCENELEC CENELEC is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization and It has been officially recognised as the European Standards Organisation in its field by the European Commission in Directive 83/189/EEC.A comprehensive series of piezoelectric standards are being developed for CENELEC under BTTF 63-2. There are two working groups in this committee and it is WG-2 that is producing standards related to piezoelectric materials, under the stewardship of Wanda Wolny. At the time of writing the first three are close to being approved by the various national committees. As with most standards within CENELEC there are English, French and German versions of these standards.prEN 50324-1:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components - Part 1: Definitions and Classifications This standard relates to piezoelectric transducer ceramics for application both as transmitters and receivers in electroacoustics and ultrasonics over a wide frequency range. They are used for generation and transmission of acoustic signals, for achievement of ultrasonic effects, for transmission of signals in communication electronics, for sensors and actuators, and used for generation of high voltages in ignition devices.Piezoelectric ceramics can be manufactured in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Commonly used shapes include discs, rectangular plates, bars, tubes, cylinders and hemispheres as well as bending elements (circular and rectangular), sandwiches and monolithic multilayers.prEN 50324-2:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components - Part 2: Methods of measurement and properties - Low power The methods of measurement described in this specification are for use with piezoelectric components produced from the ceramic materials described in prEN 50324-1 Definitions and classification. Methods of measurement for specific dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic coefficients are generally applicable to piezoelectric ceramics.The polycrystalline nature of ceramics, statistical fluctuations in composition and the influence of the manufacturing process, result in specified material coefficients being typical mean values. These values are provided for design information only.Piezoelectric transducers can have widely differing shapes and may be employed in a range of vibrational modes. Material parameters however, are measured on simple test-pieces, (discs, rods) using specific geometric anmd electrical boundary conditions. Consequently, the results of the tests provide basic material parameters only and must be used as a guide to the actual properties of manufactured commercial components.prEN 50324-3:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components - Part 3: Methods of measurement - High power This standard relates piezoelectric transducer ceramics for power application over a wide frequency range botha as electromechanical or mechanoelectrical converters.This standard covers the large signal characterization of piezoelectric ceramics material only, and not the characterization of a complete assembled transducer.The selection of a material for a given power application is difficult and the advice given in section 2 is mainly indicative.prEN 50ZZZ-1 (BTTF 63-2(CONV)12) Properties of multilayer actuators - Part 1: Terms and definitions This European Standard relates to the definitions for Multilayer actuators. Their applications have been widely increased in various field of industry : mechanical engineering : tools positioning, clamps, active wedges, damping, active control, generation sonic or ultrasonic vibrations, . microelectronics : positioning of masks, wafers or magnetic heads, non magnetic actuation, circuit breakers, fluids : proportio